Top 201 Manual Testing Interview Questions and Answers

OVERVIEW

In a manual testing interview, you can expect to be asked a range of questions that test your knowledge of different types of manual testing, the testing life cycle, and the tools and techniques used in manual testing. This article provides an introduction to the basic concepts of manual testing and includes commonly asked interview questions with their answers. The questions are designed to be suitable for candidates with varying levels of skill, from beginners to experts. The Manual Testing interview can be easier to handle if you prepare and evaluate your responses in advance.

Now, let's explore a commonly asked interview questions related to Manual Testing, which are categorize into the following sections:

• Manual Testing Interview Questions for Freshers
• Manual Testing Interview Questions for Intermediate
• Manual Testing Interview Questions for Experienced

Remember, the interview is not just about proving your technical skills but also about demonstrating your communication skills, problem-solving abilities, and overall fit for the role and the company. Be confident, stay calm and be yourself.

Manual Testing Interview Questions for Freshers

1. What is manual testing?

Manual testing is a process of verifying the functionality of a software application or system manually by a human tester. It involves executing a predetermined set of test cases to determine whether the software performs as expected. Testers act as users and carry out typical user actions like clicking buttons and entering data to verify results. A dedicated team of testers uses different testing techniques like exploratory testing, boundary value analysis, and equivalence partitioning to ensure that the software meets requirements and is free of defects. Manual testing is typically carried out in a test environment that closely mimics the production environment to simulate real-world conditions. Manual testing allows testers to think creatively and identify defects that may be missed by automated testing. However, it is time-consuming and susceptible to human error. This testing method is suitable for small-scale projects or when the requirements are not well-defined, and the scope of testing is limited.

2. What are the different stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC)?

The Software Development Life Cycle is a methodology utilized by software development teams to manage the creation, implementation, and upkeep of software. It is comprised of several stages, each with its own specific goals, tasks, and deliverables. These stages include:

• Planning: The project requirements, goals, and scope are established during this phase. The project's feasibility is determined, and a project plan is developed.
• Requirements gathering: In this phase, the team analyzes the requirements gathered in the previous stage to determine the feasibility of the project and develop a detailed software specification.
• Design: The software architecture and system design are created in this stage. The design may include specifications for hardware, software, user interfaces, and databases.
• Implementation: The software code is written at this stage, and the system is implemented according to the design. This stage may be divided into various sub-stages, such as coding, testing, and debugging.
• Testing: In this phase, the program is examined to make sure it complies with the specifications and is error- and bug-free. User acceptance testing, functional testing, and integration testing are all examples of testing.
• Deployment: During this phase, the software is released into the production environment. This could entail activities such as installing the software on client machines, adapting the software for the intended environment, and providing instruction to end-users.
• Maintenance: In this stage, the software is maintained and updated as needed to fix bugs, add new features, and address changing user requirements. This stage may involve several sub-stages, such as ongoing support, upgrades, and enhancements.

These stages may overlap or be combined depending on the development methodology being used, but they generally represent the main phases of the SDLC.

3. What is the role of a manual tester in a software development team?

Manual testers play a crucial role in software development teams, responsible for verifying that the software being developed meets requirements and functions as intended. They collaborate closely with programmers, project managers, and other stakeholders to identify and report any defects or issues. The key roles and responsibilities of a manual tester in a software development team include:

• Test planning: Manual testers assist in planning the testing process by defining the scope of testing, creating test plans, and identifying test cases.
• Test case execution: Manual testers execute test cases and report any issues or defects found during testing. They may also document test results and track testing progress.
• Defect tracking and reporting: Manual testers identify and report defects or issues found during testing. They may collaborate with developers to reproduce and diagnose issues, and track the status of defects until resolution.
• User acceptance testing: Manual testers may participate in user acceptance testing (UAT), where the software is tested by end-users to ensure it meets their needs and expectations.
• Collaboration: Manual testers work closely with developers, project managers, and other stakeholders to align testing with project goals and timelines.

4. What is the difference between functional and non-functional requirements?

Functional and non-functional requirements are two different types of requirements in software engineering. Here's the differences:

Functional requirements define what the system should do or what features it should have, while non-functional requirements describe how the system should perform or what quality attributes it should possess. Both types of requirements are important and necessary to ensure that the system meets the needs of the stakeholders.

6. What is the difference between validation and verification?

In software engineering, validation and verification play crucial roles in ensuring that software products meet the required standards and specifications. Despite their interchangeable usage, these two terms have distinct meanings and purposes.

7. What is a test case?

Test cases are a predefined set of instructions used to verify whether a software application or system fulfills the specified requirements or desired specifications. Typically, a test case includes input data, expected output, and a series of steps to execute the test. The primary objective of test case creation is to detect any discrepancies or defects in the software and ensure its accurate functionality across various scenarios.

It plays a crucial role in software testing and is formulated based on requirements, design specifications, or user stories. They can be executed manually by testers or automated using testing tools or frameworks. By executing test cases and analyzing the obtained feedback, software quality, reliability, and performance can be enhanced.

8.What are the components of a test case?

A test case usually consists of several components that are essential to ensure the effective testing of software applications or systems. These components include:

• Test case ID: A unique identifier for the test case to keep track of it.
• Test case description: A brief description of what the test case aims to achieve.
• Test steps: A set of instructions or procedures that are to be followed to execute the test case.
• Input data: The input values or conditions that are used for testing.
• Expected output: The expected result or outcome that is supposed to occur after the test execution.
• Actual output: The actual result or outcome obtained after the test execution.
• Pass/Fail status: The final outcome of the test case indicating whether it passed or failed.

The test case components can vary based on the type of software testing being performed, such as functional testing, integration testing, performance testing, or security testing. By including these components in a test case, software testers can effectively identify defects and ensure that the software meets the specified requirements and functions as expected.

9. What is white-box testing?

White-box testing is a testing technique in software engineering that involves testing the internal workings of a software application or system. It is a method of testing where the tester has complete knowledge of the software's internal code, structure, and design. White-box testing is used to ensure that the software meets its functional and non-functional requirements by examining its internal behavior. This involves examining the code structure, testing individual code segments and modules, analyzing the control and data flow, executing test cases based on the internal workings of the software, and conducting code reviews and walkthroughs. White-box testing is useful in detecting complex bugs and is commonly used in unit testing, integration testing, and regression testing to ensure the software meets specified requirements.

10. What is grey-box testing?

Grey-box testing is a type of software testing that combines the principles of black-box and white-box testing. The tester does not have comprehensive knowledge of the internal workings of the software during this technique, but he or she does have access to certain information about the code structure, design, and functioning. The purpose of grey-box testing is to inspect the software from the user's perspective and recognize defects or issues that may impact the user experience. It's commonly employed in web applications, where testers have limited access to server-side code. The main objective of grey-box testing is to ensure that the software satisfies the expected requirements and enhance its quality. This technique is used in various testing stages such as integration, system, and acceptance testing and can be employed in conjunction with other testing methods.

9. What is functional testing?

Functional testing is a crucial software testing approach that centers around verifying a system or application's functional requirements and behavior. Its main objective is to make sure that the software adheres to the functional standards that have been specified as well as user expectations, and that it functions correctly and performs as planned. During functional testing, testers thoroughly examine the system's features and functionalities to validate their proper functioning and alignment with defined requirements. This entails testing various aspects, including input validation, data manipulation, user interface interactions, and the system's response to different inputs or user actions. It can be executed through different techniques, including manual testing and automated testing. There are several different kinds of functional testing methodologies, including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, acceptance testing, and regression testing. Each type focuses on different levels and aspects of the software, ensuring that all functional requirements are fulfilled, and any defects are identified and addressed.

10. What is non-functional testing?

Non-functional testing is a sort of software testing that assesses the performance, dependability, usability, and other non-functional elements of a system or application.

Unlike functional testing which focuses on verifying specific functional requirements, non-functional testing assesses how well the software meets quality attributes or characteristics that are not directly tied to its intended functionality. The aim of this testing is to measure and validate the software's behavior in terms of factors such as performance, scalability, security, usability, compatibility, reliability, and maintainability. It ensures that the software not only functions correctly but also performs optimally and provides a satisfactory user experience.

11. What is usability testing?

Usability testing is a technique utilized to assess a product's user-friendliness by having genuine users test it. The process entails observing individuals using the product to carry out tasks and collecting feedback on their experiences. The aim of usability testing is to uncover any usability issues and evaluate users' ability to complete tasks using the product. This testing method can be implemented on various products, including physical items, software applications, and websites. The outcomes of usability testing can assist designers and developers in enhancing the product's user interface and overall user experience, leading to higher levels of user satisfaction and engagement.

12. What is compatibility testing?

Software testing technique called compatibility testing examines how well an application or system performs across a range of settings, platforms, and configurations. To ensure seamless operation free of bugs or mistakes, this form of testing comprises assessing the software's compatibility with various operating systems, software applications, hardware devices, and network settings.

The objective of compatibility testing is to confirm that the software is compatible with all the systems and configurations it is expected to work on and to identify and resolve any compatibility issues that could cause software failures, crashes, or errors. It is an integral part of the software development process as it guarantees that the software performs seamlessly in all possible situations and settings, providing users with an exceptional experience across multiple platforms.

13. What is performance testing?

Performance testing is a software testing method that analyzes the speed, responsiveness, stability, and scalability of an application or system under varied workloads and situations. Its goal is to assess how effectively the programme runs in real-world circumstances and to identify any performance bottlenecks or concerns.

There are several methods for conducting performance testing, including load testing, stress testing, and endurance testing. Load testing measures the system's performance under typical and severe workloads, stress testing pushes the system past its limits to find the breaking point, and endurance testing assesses the system's performance over time. Performance testing's main objectives are to ensure that the programme satisfies the users' performance requirements and expectations and to find any potential performance issues.

14. What is load testing?

Load testing is a performance testing technique that evaluates the performance and behavior of a system or application when subjected to anticipated or simulated loads. Its objective is to determine if the system can handle high user traffic and workloads without any performance degradation or failures.

To conduct load testing, the system is exposed to incremental levels of user traffic or simulated workloads to test its performance limits. The process identifies performance bottlenecks and measures the system's response time, resource utilization, and other critical performance metrics. Load testing can be done manually, automatically, or through cloud-based load testing services. The test results help developers optimize software performance and ensure that the system can manage user traffic and workloads efficiently.

15. What is stress testing?

Stress testing is a sort of software testing that is used to evaluate the reliability and security of a system or application under excessive workloads and unfavorable conditions. The purpose of stress testing is to determine the system's breaking point and to measure its ability to withstand high amounts of stress and strain. It involves subjecting the system to high levels of stress by increasing the workload beyond its normal operational capacity. The process aims to detect performance issues, such as crashes, slow response times, or unexpected behavior, that can occur under stressful conditions.

It can be conducted using a variety of techniques, such as spike testing, which involves increasing the workload suddenly and significantly, and soak testing, which involves subjecting the system to a prolonged workload to identify performance degradation over time.

16. What is regression testing?

Regression testing is a software testing technique used to ensure that recent changes or updates in a software application have not introduced new defects or caused existing functionalities to fail. It involves rerunning previously executed test cases to validate that the existing functionalities are still working correctly after the changes have been made.

Regression testing is used to find any unexpected consequences or regressions that might have happened as a result of software changes. It helps in maintaining the overall quality and stability of the application by ensuring that the previously tested features continue to function as expected. It ensure that recent changes or updates in a software application have not introduced new defects or caused existing functionalities to fail. It involves rerunning previously executed test cases to validate that the existing functionalities are still working correctly after the changes have been made.

17. What is integration testing?

Integration testing is a vital software testing technique that focuses on verifying the proper interaction and collaboration between different components or modules within a software system. Its primary objective is to ensure that these components integrate seamlessly, exchange data accurately, and function together without any issues.

During integration testing, instead of testing individual components separately, they are combined and tested as a group to assess their collective behavior. This approach allows for the detection of potential problems that may arise from the integration process, such as communication failures, data inconsistencies, or compatibility conflicts.

Integration testing is a crucial step in the overall software testing process and can be performed at various stages, including unit testing (testing individual units of code), system testing (testing the integrated system as a whole), and acceptance testing (testing the system's compliance with user requirements). By conducting integration testing, testers can ensure that the software system meets the desired functionality and works harmoniously with its various components.

18. What is system testing?

System testing is a software testing approach that involves evaluating a fully integrated and complete software system or application. It aims to verify that the software works as intended and meets the specified requirements in the actual environment for which it is designed.

During system testing, the software is evaluated as a whole, including all its components, modules, and interfaces. This testing method focuses on the software's functionality as a complete system and its interaction with other systems and external dependencies. It encompasses various testing types, such as performance, security, and usability testing. It is conducted after integration testing and before acceptance testing. It plays a vital role in the software development process, ensuring that the software meets the end-users' requirements and expectations. The objective of system testing is to identify and resolve any defects or issues that may impact the software's performance before releasing it to users.

19. What is acceptance testing?

Acceptance testing is a software testing approach that assesses whether a software system meets the customer's expectations and requirements and is ready for release. It is conducted from an end-user perspective to verify that the system functions as intended and meets the specified criteria. Acceptance testing may involve both manual and automated testing techniques and can include functional and non-functional testing. Any defects found during acceptance testing are usually reported to the development team for rectification. Once all identified issues have been resolved, and the software passes acceptance testing, it is deemed suitable for release.

20. What is exploratory testing?

Exploratory testing is a dynamic software testing approach that involves simultaneous test design, execution, and learning. Testers, equipped with their understanding of the system and its behavior, actively explore and interact with the software to uncover defects and gain insights. Testers leverage their expertise and knowledge of the system to identify potential areas that are prone to issues or defects. They then design and execute tests on the fly, adapting their approach based on the feedback and observations from the system. It is particularly valuable in Agile and Rapid Application Development environments where requirements may be uncertain or evolving. Exploratory testing enables testers to adapt quickly to changing conditions and assess the software in an exploratory and investigative manner.

The primary advantage of exploratory testing is its ability to uncover defects efficiently. Testers can uncover hidden issues, assess software behavior in real-time, and make immediate observations about the quality of the system. By blending test design, execution, and learning, exploratory testing allows for a flexible and intuitive exploration of the software, leading to valuable insights and improvements.

21. What is ad-hoc testing?

Ad-hoc testing is a software testing approach that involves spontaneous attempts to find defects or issues in the software without following any pre-defined Test plan. The tester relies on their experience and intuition to identify and execute tests on different parts of the software that may have defects or issues. Ad-hoc testing is often used when there is limited time available for testing or when the testing team wants to supplement scripted testing with additional testing. The primary advantage of ad-hoc testing is that it allows testers to discover defects that may be difficult to identify using scripted or formal testing methods. However, it can be challenging to manage and reproduce results, and it may be less effective in uncovering all types of defects compared to other testing methods.

22. What is smoke testing?

Smoke testing is a sort of software testing that examines whether an application's critical and fundamental functions are functioning properly. Its main objective is to ensure that the software build is stable enough for additional testing. Smoke testing is usually conducted after every new software build or deployment to confirm the operability of the most critical features. It helps save time and resources by detecting significant defects early in the development cycle. Furthermore, it can minimize the risk of launching unstable software builds to production.

In smoke testing, a basic set of test cases is executed to determine if the application's essential features are performing as expected. If the smoke test fails, it implies that the build is unstable, and no further testing can be conducted until the issues are resolved. Conversely, if the smoke test passes, it indicates that the build is stable and ready for further testing.

Smoke testing is particularly advantageous in Agile and DevOps settings where software builds are frequently released. It helps save time and resources by detecting significant defects early in the development cycle. Furthermore, it can minimize the risk of launching unstable software builds to production.

23. What is sanity testing?

Sanity testing is a quick and focused software testing technique used to check if the important features of an application are working correctly after making changes or creating a new version. Instead of testing everything, it focuses on key areas or requirements that have been recently modified.

Sanity testing is done when time is limited and we need to quickly evaluate if the changes have caused any major issues. If the test fails, it means there are significant problems, and further testing cannot proceed until they are fixed. If the test passes, it indicates that the changes have not caused major problems, and additional testing can continue.

The purpose of sanity testing is to save time and resources by catching important problems early in the development process. It helps ensure that crucial parts of the software are functioning properly before conducting more thorough testing. This technique is particularly useful in Agile and DevOps environments where quick assessments are needed to avoid releasing unstable software.

24. What is defect or bug?

A defect, also known as a bug, is an issue in a software application that causes it to behave in an unexpected or unintended way. Defects can manifest at any stage of the software development process, encompassing design, coding, testing, and deployment.

Developers or testers can make mistakes that result in defects, or they may encounter unforeseen issues when integrating different components of the software.

The severity of a defect can vary from minor cosmetic issues to critical failures that make the application unusable or put the security of the system at risk. To mitigate these risks, software development teams employ various techniques and methodologies, such as code reviews, testing, and continuous integration, to identify and address defects as early as possible in the development cycle. This helps to minimize the cost and impact of defects by catching them before they make their way into production.

25. What is the defect life cycle?

The term "defect life cycle," which is sometimes used to refer to the "bug life cycle," describes the phases that a software issue or defect goes through until it is fixed or closed. The defect life cycle typically consists of several phases, including:

• New: This is the first phase of the defect life cycle, where the defect is reported by a tester or a user.
• Open: In this phase, the defect is reviewed by the development team and verified. If the defect is valid, it is assigned to a developer to fix
• In Progress: Once the developer begins working on the defect, its status is changed to "in progress." During this phase, the developer analyzes the defect, identifies the root cause, and develops a fix.
• Fixed: When the developer completes the fix for the defect, the defect status is changed to "fixed."
• Retest: In this phase, the testing team verifies that the defect has been fixed and tests the application to ensure that the fix did not introduce any new issues.
• Closed: Defects are marked as "closed" when they have been verified and fixed. Otherwise, it gets reopened and moved back to the "in progress" or "fixed" phase.

The defect life cycle is a framework for managing faults and guaranteeing their timely and efficient resolution. By following a standardized process, development teams can track the status of defects and ensure that they are properly addressed before the software is released to production.

26. What is a defect report or bug report?

In software development, a defect report or bug report is a crucial document that is used to report an issue or defect in a software application or system. This report is typically created by testers who are responsible for identifying issues during the testing phase of software development. The report often contains a description of the problem or defect, instructions for reproducing it, levels of severity and importance, information about the environment, and any supplemental files like screenshots. The defect report is then used by the development team to track and manage issues, prioritize them for resolution, and to identify the root cause of the problem. By fixing the issues identified in the defect report, the software application or system can be improved and made more reliable.

27. What is traceability matrix?

A traceability matrix is a document that is used to track and link requirements and test cases during the software development life cycle. The matrix maps the relationship between each requirement and the associated test cases, ensuring that all requirements have been tested and that all test cases are necessary to meet the requirements. The traceability matrix typically includes three columns: one for the requirement or business rule, one for the test case or test scenario, and one for the status of the test case (such as pass, fail, or not run). This matrix helps the development team ensure that all requirements are being met, and also helps with project management by providing a clear view of progress and identifying any gaps or missing requirements.

28. What is test plan?

A test plan is an extensive document that provides a detailed overview of the strategy, goals, and approaches to be employed when testing a software application or system. It encompasses the definition of testing scope, required test environment, necessary resources, testing tasks, and projected timelines. Furthermore, it incorporates diverse testing methodologies, including functional testing, performance testing, and security testing, along with specific test cases and scenarios to be executed.

A test plan's main goal is to provide a thorough road map for the testing procedure, making sure that every component of the software application or system is thoroughly examined. It serves as a means to identify potential risks and challenges that may arise during testing and offers a framework for managing and mitigating those risks. Collaboration between the testing team and other stakeholders, such as the development team, is crucial in developing a test plan that aligns with the software development life cycle and meets project requirements.

29. What is test strategy?

A test strategy is a comprehensive document that provides a broad outline of the overarching approach and methodology for testing a software application or system. It establishes the goals, boundaries, available resources, and limitations that shape the testing process. The test strategy encompasses information about the testing approach, the types of testing to be conducted, and the specific responsibilities assigned to the testing team.

Early in the software development life cycle, the test strategy is a crucial component that is developed and plays a significant part in the overall project plan.

It acts as a manual for the testing team, making sure that the testing procedures adhere to the project's goals, client demands, and industry norms. Moreover, it aids in the identification of potential risks and challenges associated with testing and establishes a framework for effective risk management and mitigation.

30. What is the difference between test plan and test strategy?

31.What is the test environment?

A test environment is a configuration of hardware and software used for software testing that resembles the production environment. It includes all the necessary resources, such as hardware, software, network configurations, and others, required to perform testing on software applications or systems. The purpose of a test environment is to provide a controlled and consistent environment for testing, which helps identify and resolve issues and defects before the software is deployed into the production environment. The test environment can be hosted on-premise or in the cloud and should be planned and configured accurately to reflect the production environment. It should also be properly documented and managed to ensure consistency throughout the testing process.

32. What is test data?

Test data refers to the input data utilized to test a software application or system. It is processed by the software to verify if the expected output is obtained. Test data can come in different forms such as positive, negative, and boundary test data. Positive test data produces the anticipated output and meets the software requirements, while negative test data yields unexpected or incorrect results that violate the software requirements. On the other hand, boundary test data examines the limits of the software and is situated at the edge of the input domain.

The significance of test data lies in its ability to identify issues and defects that need to be resolved before the software is deployed in the production environment. Creating and selecting the right test data is crucial as it covers all possible scenarios and edge cases, resulting in thorough testing of the software.

33. What is the difference between positive and negative testing?

34. What is the difference between retesting and regression testing?

35. What is test coverage?

Test coverage is a measurement of the effectiveness of software testing, which determines the extent of the source code or system that has been tested. It gauges the percentage of code or functionality that has been executed through a set of tests. Test coverage can be measured at different levels of detail, such as function coverage, statement coverage, branch coverage, and path coverage. By analyzing test coverage, developers can identify areas of the code that have not been adequately tested, allowing them to create additional tests and enhance the overall quality of the software.

36. What is equivalence partitioning?

A software testing technique called equivalence partitioning divides input data into groups or divisions that ought to behave similarly. The methodology is founded on the premise that if a system functions correctly for one input value in a partition, it should function correctly for all values in that partition.

It helps to identify faults caused by improper treatment of input data, such as boundary value mistakes or input validation failures, by evaluating representative values from each partition and reducing the number of test cases necessary for comprehensive coverage.

For example, suppose a system accepts a numeric input between 1 and 1000. Equivalence partitioning would divide the input range into several partitions, such as values less than 1, values between 1 and 100, values between 101 and 500, and values between 501 and 1000. Test cases would be developed to represent each partition, and if a test case in a partition fails, then all other test cases in that partition would also be considered to have failed.

37. What is boundary value analysis?

Boundary value analysis is a software testing approach that detects problems at the boundaries or edges of a system's or software component's input values. The technique involves testing input values at the boundary values and values just below and above them to identify defects in the system's handling of values at the limits of its input range. It can be applied at different levels of granularity and is often used in conjunction with equivalence partitioning for thorough testing of input data.

For example, if a system accepts an input range of 1 to 1000, boundary value analysis would involve testing input values at the boundary values, such as 1, 1000, and values just below and above them, like 0, 2, 999, and 1001. This technique can help identify defects in the system's handling of values at the limits of its input range, such as rounding errors, truncation issues, and overflow or underflow conditions.

38. What is error guessing?

The technique of error guessing in software testing involves utilizing the tester's knowledge, experience, and intuition of the system to identify possible errors or defects. This is an informal method that depends on the tester's capability to predict the occurrence of typical mistakes, faults, or errors that may arise during the testing phase.

The process of this testing involves the tester brainstorming potential errors based on their experience and knowledge of the system. This may include drawing on their experience of similar systems or their knowledge of the specific system being tested to create likely scenarios. Once potential errors have been identified, the tester will attempt to replicate them in the system to confirm their existence. Error guessing can be helpful to find problems that formal testing methods might miss and to get a better knowledge of the system being tested. However, it should not be relied upon as the sole means of testing and should be used in conjunction with other formal testing techniques.

39. What is pair-wise testing?

Pair-wise testing is a software testing methodology that involves reviewing all possible combinations of input parameters in pairs. It is also known as all-pairs testing or orthogonal array testing. During this process, testers discover the pairings of input parameters that are most likely to create software faults or defects.They then develop test cases by mixing these pairings to generate all conceivable input combinations.

When there are several input parameters to test and it is not possible to test all potential combinations, pair-wise testing comes in handy. Pair-wise testing can successfully uncover problems and errors in software by focusing on the most crucial pairs of inputs while requiring a relatively minimal number of test cases. This approach can help save time, efforts and resources in the testing process.

40. What is statement coverage?

Statement coverage is a white-box testing technique that measures the proportion of code statements executed during the testing process. In other words, it refers to the percentage of program statements that have been tested at least once. During statement coverage testing, the testing team creates test cases that aim to execute each line of code at least once. The coverage percentage is calculated by dividing the number of statements executed by the total number of statements in the code.

Statement coverage is a useful metric to assess the thoroughness of testing and identify areas of code that have not been executed during testing. However, it does not guarantee that all possible outcomes have been tested or that the code is error-free. Therefore, other forms of testing, such as functional or integration testing, should also be performed in conjunction with statement coverage testing to ensure comprehensive test coverage.

41. What is branch coverage?

Branch coverage is a metric used in software testing to measure the extent to which the source code of a program has been executed during testing. Specifically, it measures the percentage of all possible branches in the code that have been executed at least once during the testing process.

Branch coverage is significant since it demonstrates how completely a programme has been tested. A programme has likely been fully tested if a high percentage of its branches have been covered during testing, which means it is less likely to include bugs or problems that haven't been found yet.

The testing process must gather information regarding the branches that have been tested in order to compute branch coverage. Tools like code coverage analyzers or profilers, which keep track of the sections of the code that have been run during testing, can be used to accomplish this. After gathering this information, the percentage of branches covered may be computed by dividing the number of branches that were actually run by the total number of branches in the code.

42. What is decision coverage?

Decision coverage is a metric used in software testing that measures the percentage of possible decision outcomes that have been executed during testing. A decision point in programming is a point where the program makes a decision between different outcomes based on a condition or variable. High decision coverage suggests that all possible outcomes have been tested, reducing the chance of undiscovered bugs or errors. Tools like code coverage analyzers or profilers can be used to track which outcomes have been executed during testing, and the percentage of decision outcomes covered can be calculated by dividing the number of executed decision outcomes by the total number of possible decision outcomes in the code.

43. What is MC/DC coverage?

MC/DC coverage, or Modified Condition/Decision Coverage, is a more rigorous testing metric used in software engineering to assess the thoroughness of testing for a program. It is a stricter version of decision coverage that requires every condition in a decision statement to be tested, and that the decision takes different outcomes for all combinations of conditions. MC/DC coverage is particularly useful in safety-critical systems, where high reliability is crucial. To achieve MC/DC coverage, code coverage analyzers or profilers are used to track which conditions and outcomes have been executed during testing, and the percentage of MC/DC coverage can be calculated by dividing the number of evaluated decisions that meet the MC/DC criteria by the total number of evaluated decisions in the code.

44. What is code review?

Code review is a software development practice that involves reviewing and examining source code to identify defects, improve code quality and ensure adherence to coding standards. It is an essential step in the development process that aids in the early detection of faults and problems, reducing the time and expense needed to resolve them later. Code review can be conducted in different ways, such as pair programming, or through the use of code review tools. The process helps to ensure the quality, reliability, and maintainability of software projects.

45. What is walkthrough?

In software testing, a walkthrough is a technique where a group of people scrutinize a software system, component, or process for defects, issues, or areas of improvement. The reviewers inspect various aspects of the system, such as design, functionality, user interface, architecture, and documentation, to identify potential issues that could impact the system's usability, reliability, or performance. Walkthroughs can be done at any point during the software development lifecycle and can be used for non-technical documents like user manuals or project plans. Benefits of walkthroughs include detecting defects early, reducing development costs, and enhancing software quality. Furthermore, they can identify usability issues that can lead to a better user experience.

46. What is code inspection?

Code inspection is a technique used in software testing that involves a detailed manual review of the source code to identify defects, errors, and vulnerabilities. Developers typically conduct the review by examining the code line-by-line for syntax errors, logic errors, security vulnerabilities, and adherence to coding standards. The goal of code inspection is to enhance the quality of the software and detect issues early in the development process. This can save time and resources that might be spent on fixing problems later. Code inspection can be time-consuming and requires a skilled team of reviewers but is effective in finding defects that automated testing tools or normal testing procedures might miss.

47. What is static testing?

Software testing techniques known as static testing involve analysing or assessing a software artifact, such as requirements, design documents, or source code, without actually running it. This review process can be carried out manually, with team members providing comments, or automatically, with the use of software tools that analyse the artifact and provide feedback or reports. Static testing can take the form of code reviews, walkthroughs, inspections, or formal verification at any point of the software development lifecycle. The fundamental benefit of static testing is that it can uncover errors early in the development process, saving money and time. Static testing is used in conjunction with other testing methods, such as dynamic testing, which involves running the software.

48. What is dynamic testing?

Dynamic testing is a software testing technique where the software is run and observed in response to various inputs. Its goal is to detect and diagnose bugs or defects while the software is executing. Testers simulate actual usage scenarios and provide different inputs to check how the software responds. This type of testing includes functional testing, performance testing, security testing, and usability testing. The test cases cover all possible scenarios to determine if the software works as expected. Dynamic testing is essential in the software development lifecycle to ensure that the software meets requirements and is defect-free before release to end-users.

49. What is the difference between verification and validation?

Verification and validation are two important terms in software engineering that are often used interchangeably, but they have different meanings and purposes.

50. What is the difference between a test scenario and a test case?

A test scenario and a test case are both important components of software testing. While a test scenario is a high-level description of a specific feature or functionality to be tested, a test case is a detailed set of steps to be executed to verify the expected behavior of that feature or functionality.

51. What is the difference between smoke testing and sanity testing?

52. What is exploratory testing, and how is it performed?

Exploratory testing is a type of software testing approach that involves exploring the software without relying on pre-written test cases. Instead, testers use their knowledge and experience to guide their testing and actively explore the software to find defects, usability issues, and potential areas of risk.

Exploratory testing is often carried out by professional testers with extensive knowledge of the software and the user's requirements. The testing process involves understanding the software, identifying high-risk areas, creating a rough plan, executing the testing, documenting the findings, reporting them to the development team, and repeating the process until the software is ready for release.

Exploratory testing is a crucial part of software testing since its objective is to uncover flaws and problems that other testing techniques could not detect. Exploratory testing is a useful strategy for guaranteeing software quality since it can reveal problems that are challenging to find with scripted testing techniques.

53. What is boundary value analysis, and how is it used in testing?

Boundary value analysis is a testing technique employed to assess the boundaries or limits of input values for a specific system. Its primary purpose is to test how the system performs when the input values are at their maximum, minimum, or edge values. Test cases are developed based on the input range of the system, and the chosen values for testing are the boundary values. This method enables testers to identify defects or bugs that may arise at the input range's limits. By testing these boundaries, testers can ensure that the system will function correctly under all circumstances and not just within the anticipated range. This technique is particularly useful for numerical or mathematical systems where the system's behavior can change considerably at the input range's limits. Nonetheless, it is also applicable in other systems, such as software that accepts user input or data from external sources.

54. What is equivalence partitioning, and how is it used in testing?

Equivalence partitioning is a testing technique that categorizes input data into groups with similar functionality, making it easier to generate test cases. Input data is grouped into equivalence classes based on the system's behavior, where the input data in each class produces the same output or behavior from the system. One test case is created for each equivalence class using only one input from each class. This technique reduces the number of test cases needed while ensuring that all possible scenarios are covered. It helps identify defects or bugs that may occur in specific equivalence classes and ensures that the system behaves as expected in all scenarios

Here are the steps to use equivalence partitioning in testing:

• Identify input data: The first step is to identify the input data that the system accepts. This input data could be a range of values, a set of options, or any other input data that the system accepts.
• Group input data into equivalence classes: The input data is then divided into equivalence classes based on the system's behavior. Inputs within the same equivalence class are expected to produce the same output or behavior from the system.
• Develop test cases: After the equivalence classes are created, one test case is generated for each class. Each test case should use only one input from the equivalence class.
• Execute the test cases: Once the test cases are created, they are executed to ensure that the system behaves as expected in each equivalence class.
• Report and fix defects: If any defects or bugs are found during testing, they are reported to the development team, who then fixes them.

55. What is the difference between a defect and an issue?

A defect, also known as a software bug, is when the software behaves unexpectedly or produces incorrect results. It is a flaw in the software and can be identified during the testing phase or even after the software has been released.

An issue refers to any problem or concern related to the software that requires attention, but it is not necessarily a defect. These could include incomplete or missing features, performance problems, usability issues, compatibility problems, or any other aspect of the software that needs improvement. Issues can occur and be found at any point in the software development life cycle, including planning, development, testing, and even post-release.

56. What is a defect priority, and how is it determined?

Defect priority refers to the level of significance or urgency assigned to a defect based on its severity and impact on the system. The priority helps developers determine which defects should be addressed first and which can be deferred.

Defect priority is generally determined based on the following criteria:

• Severity: The severity of the defect, or the extent to which it affects the system, is a significant factor in determining its priority level. Defects that cause significant system failures or data loss are considered to be high priority.
• Frequency: The frequency of the defect's occurrence is also taken into consideration. If a defect occurs frequently, it may have a higher priority than one that occurs infrequently.
• Business Impact: The business impact of the defect is also considered. If the defect affects critical business processes or has a significant financial impact, it may have a higher priority.
• Customer Impact: If the defect affects the user experience, it may be assigned a higher priority.

Based on these criteria, the development team assigns a priority level to the defect. High-priority defects are usually addressed first, followed by medium-priority and low-priority defects. Defect priority is crucial in defect management as it ensures that critical issues are resolved promptly, minimizing the risk of significant impact on the system or users.

57. What is a defect severity, and how is it determined?

Defect severity refers to the degree of impact a software defect has on the normal functioning of the system or application. It is determined by evaluating how much the defect affects the system's ability to meet its requirements. Organizations or projects may use various severity levels, ranging from low to high. The most common severity levels include critical, major, minor, and cosmetic. Critical defects are those that cause the system to crash or result in significant data loss, requiring immediate attention. Major defects affect system functionality and prevent the system from performing important functions, while minor defects only cause inconvenience to the user. Cosmetic defects are those that only affect the system's appearance or formatting without impacting its functionality.

To determine the severity of a defect, testers and developers consider different factors such as the impact on system performance, the number of affected users, the frequency of occurrence, and the importance of the affected functionality. Once a severity level is assigned, the defect is prioritized for resolution, focusing on critical defects first and then on minor issues.

58. What is a test log, and how is it used in testing?

A test log is a vital record that stores information about the activities carried out during software testing. It's a chronological document that captures events, actions, and results during the testing phase, and it's employed for documentation, analysis, and reporting purposes.

The test log consists of critical details such as the test case or scenario executed, date and time of each testing activity, the actual test outcome, defects or bugs discovered, the corrective measures taken, and other relevant information such as test environment specifics, configuration, and test data employed.

A test log is useful in several ways during software testing, such as documentation, analysis, reporting, and debugging purposes. It enables project managers, developers, and other members of the development team to monitor the testing progress, report test coverage, and communicate discovered defects or bugs to stakeholders. It also provides a reference point for debugging and troubleshooting efforts and serves as a historical record of testing activities for compliance and auditing purposes.

59. What is a test report, and what information does it contain?

A test report is defined as a document that presents the results of a software testing process and providing the detailed information about the application or system that underwent testing, the executed test cases, and the outcomes.

This is the following information that test report contains:

• Test plan summary: This includes an overview of the testing plan's objectives, scope, and timeline.
• Test execution summary: This contains information about the test execution phase, such as the total number of test cases performed, defects discovered, and the number of defects fixed.
• Defect summary: This presents a comprehensive report of all the defects detected during testing, outlining their status, severity, and priority.
• Test results: This gives a detailed account of the test results, including the list of executed test cases, their status (pass/fail), and any problems encountered.
• Recommendations: This section contains suggestions for improving the software application or system based on the testing results.
• Conclusion: This is a summary of the overall testing effort, including any lessons learned and areas for improvement.

60. What is a test summary report, and what information does it contain?

A test summary report is defined as a document that provides a summary of the testing activities performed on a project or system. It is usually created at the end of the testing phase and records the testing process and results.

It generally contains an introduction, test environment, test strategy, test execution, a summary of results, a conclusion and recommendations, and appendices. In the introduction it contains the objective of the testing, test environment describes the testing environment which includes the hardware and software configuration used, test data, or any other resources required for testing, test strategy defines the approach of the testing, test execution provides the overview of the testing activities, summary of results provide testing outcomes, including the pass/fail status of tests, the number of defects identified, in conclusion, and recommendations section is very crucial it provide insights into the quality of the system, and recommend any actions needed to improve the quality of the system and appendices is used to add a additional information which is relevant to testing such as test cases, defects logs and performance reports.

61. What is a test script, and how is it used in testing?

A test script refers to a sequence of instructions, written in a programming language, that enables the automation of testing procedures. In order to check an application's functionality, performance, and dependability, it replicates user actions and interactions with the system. The input values, anticipated results, and actual results are generally included in test scripts, which are written in computer languages like Python, Java, and Ruby. They are repeatable, allowing for uniform testing, and they can also be used to identify and diagnose software problems, as well as track changes over time.

These are the major steps involved in a test script which include developing the script, executing it either manually or with a testing tool, analyzing the results, and reporting them to the development team. Using a test script can automate testing, ensure consistency, and improve software quality. To develop the script you need to create a test script that outlines the specific test cases that need to be executed. Once the test script has been developed, it can be executed by a testing tool or manually by a tester, after the test script has been executed, the results need to be analyzed to determine whether the software passed or failed the test. The final step is to report the test results, including any issues found during testing, to the development team,the development team will then work to address the issues and fix any defects found during testing.

62. What is a test bed, and how is it set up?

A test bed is a specialized environment, which can be physical or virtual, that is dedicated to testing, evaluating, and validating new technologies, software, hardware, or processes prior to their release or deployment. For instance, when testing a software application on a desktop computer, the test bed would include the specific operating system, browser version, and other necessary software that the application is designed to run on. Test beds enable researchers, engineers, and developers to assess the performance, functionality, compatibility, and reliability of their products or systems under simulated real-world conditions. They find extensive use in various fields such as aerospace, telecommunications, automotive, software development, and military applications.

Setting up a test bed involves multiple steps that depend on the technology, software, hardware, or process being tested and the testing objectives. Typically, the process starts with defining scopes and objectives of the testing, followed by identifying and installing the appropriate equipment and software to create the ideal testing environment. Once the test bed is set up, test cases are created and executed evaluate the system or product under test's performance, functionality, compatibility, and dependability. The results are analyzed, and any necessary changes or upgrades to the test bed or system under test are implemented. This testing procedure is performed until the desired level of performance and dependability is met. To assure success, rigorous planning, configuration, and testing are required.

63. What is a test harness, and how is it used in testing?

A test harness is a group of software tools used to automate the testing of software systems or applications. It enables for test execution, data collection and analysis, and reporting on overall test coverage and efficacy. The harness may include tools for setting test environments, generating test data, and evaluating test findings. Debugging and profiling tools may also be included to identify defects in the software. Test harnesses are commonly used in software development and testing processes, particularly in Agile and DevOps techniques, where automated testing is critical to the CI/CD pipeline. They contribute to the comprehensive testing, dependability, and high quality of software products.

It is commonly used to do various forms of testing, including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and acceptance testing. The harness can be adjusted to simulate the actual production environment, ensuring that testing are carried out under realistic conditions.

65. What is the difference between black-box testing and grey-box testing?

66. What is the difference between unit testing and integration testing?

Unit testing and integration testing are two different types of software testing that function differently in the software development process.

• Unit testing: Unit testing is a crucial step in the software development process where individual units or components of an application are tested independently from the rest of the system. This process involves testing each unit or component in isolation to verify that it functions correctly and fulfills the specified requirements. Typically conducted by developers, unit testing occurs during the development phase of the software development life cycle (SDLC) and is often automated through the use of testing frameworks.
• Integration testing: Integration testing is a form of software testing that concentrates on examining the interconnections among various units or components within a software system. The objective of integration testing is to ascertain that the different components of the system cooperate effectively and that the system functions as intended. This testing phase is conducted after the individual units have been tested but before system testing, and its purpose is to validate the proper integration of units and ensure the overall system behavior aligns with expectations. Integration testing can be executed at various levels, including component integration, subsystem integration, and system integration.

67. What is the difference between load testing and stress testing?

68. What is the difference between acceptance testing and regression testing?

69. What is the difference between dynamic testing and static testing?

Dynamic testing and static testing are two different types of software testing techniques.

Dynamic testing is a software testing technique that involves executing the code or software application to identify defects or errors, It is also known as validation testing or live testing whereas static testing is a testing technique that examines the code or software application without actually executing it. It is also known as dry-run testing or verification testing.

70. What is the difference between an error and a defect?

• Error: An error is a mistake made by a human while designing or coding the software. It is a human action that produces incorrect or unexpected results. For example, an error can be a syntax error, a logical error, or a typographical error.
• Defect: A defect, also known as a bug, is an error or flaw in the software that prevents it from functioning as intended. Defects can cause the software to crash, produce incorrect results, or behave in unexpected ways. Defects can occur due to coding errors, design flaws, or external factors such as environmental conditions.

71. What is the difference between a requirement and a specification?

A requirement and a specification are two different documents that serve different purposes in the software development lifecycle.

72. What is a test closure report, and what information does it contain?

A test closure report is a document prepared at the end of a testing phase or project to summarize the testing activities and results. The purpose of this report is to provide stakeholders with a comprehensive overview of the testing process, outcomes, and recommendations for future improvements.

The test closure report typically contains the following information:

• Introduction: A brief overview of the testing phase or project, including its objectives and scope.
• Testing Activities: A summary of the testing activities performed during the phase or project, including test design, execution, and management.
• Test Results: A summary of the test results, including the number of test cases executed, passed, failed, blocked, and deferred, as well as any issues and defects identified during testing.
• Test Metrics: A summary of the test metrics used to measure the effectiveness and efficiency of the testing process, including test coverage, defect density, and defect removal efficiency.
• Recommendations: A list of recommendations for future improvements to the testing process, based on the lessons learned and best practices identified during the testing phase or project.
• Conclusion: A summary of the important results and conclusions from the testing phase or project.

73. What is a defect management tool, and how is it used in testing?

A defect management tool is software used by software development and testing teams to manage and track defects, also known as bugs or issues, identified during the software testing process. These tools provide a centralized platform for capturing, documenting, prioritizing, tracking, and resolving defects.

Defect management tools typically offer the following functionalities:

• Defect tracking: This feature allows testers to track and manage defects throughout the testing process, from discovery to resolution.
• Defect categorization and prioritization: This feature enables testers to categorize defects based on their severity, priority, and other attributes, which helps development teams determine which defects to address first.
• Collaboration and communication: Defect management tools provide a centralized platform for testers, developers, and other stakeholders to collaborate and communicate on defects.
• Reporting and analytics: These tools generate reports and analytics on defect trends, defect density, and other metrics to help teams identify areas for improvement in the software testing process.

77. What is the difference between white-box testing and grey-box testing?

White-box testing and grey-box testing are two types of software testing techniques that are used to assess the functionality and quality of software systems. Here is the differences between them :

78. What is the role of a test manager in a software development team?

In a software development team, a test manager's main duty is to supervise the testing procedure and make sure the software product complies with the necessary quality standards. This includes developing test strategies and plans, managing the testing team, collaborating with other stakeholders, monitoring and reporting on testing progress, and enforcing quality standards. Additionally, the test manager plays an important role in documenting and tracking the testing activities by creating and maintaining comprehensive records. These records are critical for monitoring progress, identifying issues, and ensuring that the testing aligns with the project goals and objectives. Overall, the test manager is essential in delivering a high-quality software product by leading and overseeing the testing process.

79. What is the role of a test lead in a software development team?

The role of a test lead in a software development team is essential in maintaining the quality of the software product under development. The primary duty of a test lead is to oversee the testing process and collaborate with the development team to guarantee that the software satisfies the necessary quality standards. The responsibilities of a test lead include devising a comprehensive test plan that specifies the testing strategy, schedule, and methodologies, executing tests to ensure conformity to the plan, supervising the development of automated test scripts for repetitive testing tasks, managing defects detected during testing and ensuring their resolution, communicating testing progress to the development team, project managers, and stakeholders, and managing the testing team by delegating tasks and providing support and guidance. Ultimately, the test lead's role is crucial in ensuring the software development process is efficient and effective by delivering high-quality software.

Manual Testing Interview Questions

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80. What is the role of a test engineer in a software development team?

A test engineer is an integral member of a software development team responsible for ensuring that the software product is thoroughly tested and meets quality standards. Collaborating with developers and other team members, a test engineer is involved in designing, developing, and executing test plans and test cases. They use various testing techniques and tools to create comprehensive test suites that cover all aspects of the software product. Once the tests are executed, test engineers analyze the results to identify defects and report them to the development team. In order to make sure that the testing efforts are in line with the project goals and objectives, they additionally collaborate closely with developers, project managers, and other stakeholders. By doing so, they ensure that the software product meets the quality standards and requirements by conducting thorough testing and identifying and addressing all defects and issues before the release of the product.

81. What is the difference between test metrics and test measurement?

Test metrics and test measurement are related concepts in software testing, but there is a subtle difference between them.

82. What is a test case template, and what information does it contain?

A test case template is a pre-designed document or form that outlines the key elements and details that should be included in a test case. It provides a standardized format for documenting test cases to ensure consistency and completeness across the testing process. A typical test case template includes fields or sections for identifying the test case, describing the test scenario, defining the test steps and expected results, and capturing the actual results and any defects found during the test execution.

A test case template typically contains the following information:

• Test Case ID: A unique identifier for the test case.
• Test Case Name: A descriptive name or title for the test case.
• Test Objective: A brief description of the test objective or goal.
• Test Scenario: A detailed description of the test scenario or situation being tested.
• Test Steps: A series of steps or actions that should be performed to execute the test.
• Expected Results: A description of the expected outcome or behavior of the software under test.
• Actual Results: A record of the actual outcome or behavior of the software during the test execution.
• Pass/Fail: An indication of whether the test case passed or failed.
• Defects: A section to document any defects or issues found during the test execution.
• Comments: A section for adding any additional comments or notes about the test case or test execution.

83. What is the difference between a test scenario and a test suite?

A test scenario and a test suite are both important components of software testing. Here is differences between them :

84. What is the difference between a test case and a test script?

A test case and a test script are both important components of software testing, but they differ in their level of detail and purpose.

85. What is the difference between a test log and a test report?

The test log and test report have distinct purposes and are utilized at varying phases in software testing.

85. What is the difference between ad-hoc testing and exploratory testing?

Ad-hoc testing and exploratory testing are two different testing approaches. Ad-hoc testing is a type of informal testing where the tester tests the software without any plan or strategy, whereas exploratory testing is a structured and systematic approach where the tester tests the software based on his/her understanding of the software.

Here are the differences between the two:

• Purpose: Ad-hoc testing is performed with the goal to find defects or issues that were not identified during planned testing, whereas exploratory testing is done with the purpose of exploring the software, understanding its functionality and behavior, and discovering defects that were not found during planned testing.
• Approach: Ad-hoc testing is an unplanned and unstructured approach, where the tester performs testing randomly without following any predefined test plan. In contrast, exploratory testing is a structured approach where the tester adheres to a test plan but the plan is adjustable and changeable depending on the tester's knowledge of the product.
• Documentation: Ad-hoc testing is not well documented, and the tester does not necessarily record the test cases or the steps performed during testing. On the other hand, in exploratory testing, the tester records the test cases, the steps performed, and the results obtained during testing, making it easier to reproduce the issues found.
• Time: Ad-hoc testing is usually performed for a short duration, and the tester may stop testing as soon as a few defects are found. However, exploratory testing may take longer, as the tester needs to understand the software, explore its functionality, and thoroughly test it to find defects.

86. What is the difference between a requirement and a user story?

A requirement and a user story are two different concepts in software development. Here are the differences between them :

87. What is a test bed matrix, and how is it used in testing?

A test bed matrix is a document that outlines the various hardware, software, and network configurations that will be used to test a software system. It is a planning tool that helps testing teams to ensure that they cover all possible combinations of environments and configurations that the software may encounter in the real world.

The purpose of a test bed matrix is to identify and document the specific combinations of hardware, software, and network configurations that will be used to test the software. Each configuration is tested to ensure that the software functions correctly and as expected in each scenario. Identifying and testing multiple combinations of environments and configurations can improve test coverage, allowing testing teams to ensure that the software is thoroughly tested and can handle any scenario it may encounter. Additionally, this method lowers risk by spotting flaws that might go undetected during testing in a single configuration that can then be addressed to lessen the possibility of problems arising in actual use. Furthermore, by using a test bed matrix, testing teams can ensure that they are testing the software in the most efficient way possible, resulting in saved time and resources, and increasing the likelihood of delivering the software on time and within budget.

88. What is the difference between a defect and a failure?

A defect in software testing refers to a flaw or imperfection in the software that could cause it to behave in an unintended way, also known as a bug. It could be caused by an error in the code, a miscommunication in requirements, or a mistake in design while a failure is the actual behavior of the software when it does not meet the expected outcome, which is the manifestation of the defect in the real world. One or more defects in the software could lead to a failure.

To illustrate the difference between a defect and a failure, consider a calculator software that is expected to perform basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. If the software is designed to perform the multiplication operation but performs the division operation instead, it is considered a defect. On the other hand, if a user enters two numbers to multiply, but the calculator returns the result of dividing the two numbers, this is a failure.

89. What is the difference between a test objective and a test goal?

A test objective is a specific, measurable statement that describes what is to be accomplished by a particular test. It is typically derived from a requirement or a user story and outlines what aspect of the software system is to be tested and what the expected outcome is. Test objectives are used to guide the testing effort and ensure that the testing is focused and efficient. A test goal, on the other hand, is a higher-level statement that describes the overall purpose or aim of the testing effort. It is often used to communicate the testing objectives and priorities to stakeholders and team members. Test goals are broader and less specific than test objectives and can include statements about the quality or reliability of the software system being tested, the testing approach or methodology, or the timeline or budget for the testing effort.

90. What is the difference between a test approach and a test methodology?

In software testing, a test approach and a test methodology are often used interchangeably, but they have different meanings.

• Test Approach: A test approach is a general testing strategy that outlines the scope of testing, testing techniques, timelines, and team roles and responsibilities. It provides an overall framework for testing and is defined at the start of a project, examples of test approaches include risk-based testing, exploratory testing, and agile testing
• Test Methodology: A test methodology is a more structured and detailed approach to testing that provides a step-by-step guide to how testing will be carried out. It includes specific processes, techniques, tools, and templates that are used to plan, design, execute, and report on tests. Test methodologies are often designed for specific types of testing, such as performance testing, security testing, or agile testing, and are more prescriptive than a test approach. Examples of test methodologies include ISTQB, TMAP, and IEEE 829.

91. What is a defect closure report, and what information does it contain?

A defect closure report is a document that is prepared by a software testing team at the end of the defect resolution process. It provides an overview of the defects that were identified during testing, the steps taken to resolve them, and the results of the testing performed to verify that the defects have been fixed.

It contains information related to the defect, its root cause, the actions taken to fix it, and the results of the testing performed after the fix. Specifically, a defect closure report typically includes:

• Defect ID: A unique identifier assigned to the defect for tracking purposes
• Description: A brief description of the defect and its symptoms
• Severity: The level of impact the defect has on the software's functionality or performance
• Root cause: The underlying reason for the defect's occurrence
• Resolution: The actions are taken to fix the defect, including code changes, configuration updates, or other corrective measures
• Testing performed: Details of the testing performed to validate the fix and ensure that it did not introduce any new defects or issues
• Results: The outcome of the testing, including any defects that were re-opened or newly discovered
• Closure date: The date the defect was officially closed, indicating that it has been resolved to the satisfaction of the testing team and other stakeholders.

92. What is the purpose of a test plan in manual testing?

A test plan is an essential document in manual testing that provides a roadmap for the testing process. Its primary objective is to outline the approach, scope, objectives, and activities that will be undertaken to guarantee the quality of the software application being tested. A comprehensive test plan should establish the testing objectives, identify the testing environment and tools, specify the testing activities and test cases to be executed, describe the testing procedures and techniques, and define the roles and responsibilities of the testing team members. By doing so, the test plan helps ensure a thorough, systematic, and efficient testing process that reduces the likelihood of defects or errors in the software. Additionally, the test plan enables consistency and repeatability of the testing process, making it easier to track progress and report on results.

93. What is the difference between black box testing and white box testing?

Black box testing and White box testing are two different software testing methodologies that differ in their approach to testing. The main difference between them lies in the level of knowledge of the internal workings of the software application being tested.

In black box testing, the tester does not know the software application's internal workings. This method involves testing the functionality of the software system against the requirements and specifications, often focusing on the user interface and overall functionality. In contrast, white box testing involves the tester having full knowledge of the software application's internal workings. The approach focuses on the internal structures and implementation of the software and tests it against the design and architecture. White box testing is commonly used for testing the code quality, security, and performance of the software.

Here are some key differences between black box testing and white box testing:

94. What is the difference between usability testing and user acceptance testing?

Usability testing and user acceptance testing (UAT) are two different types of testing in software development. The main differences between these two types of testing are explained below:

95.What is the importance of test estimation in software testing?

Test estimation is essential in software testing because it assists project managers in planning and allocating resources, effectively budgeting, and estimating the time required to perform testing operations. It ensures that the testing process is appropriately managed, that risks are detected, and that the expectations of stakeholders are met. Accurate test estimation aids in the efficient allocation of resources, time management, cost management, risk management, and stakeholder management. It enables project managers to make informed decisions, prioritise testing operations, and assure project completion on schedule and under budget.

96. What is the importance of test reporting in software testing?

Test reporting is important in software testing for the following reasons:

• Communication: It facilitates communication between the testing team and stakeholders, providing an overview of progress, results, and issues or defects found.
• Documentation: It serves as a record of testing activities, including executed test cases, environments used, test data, and outcomes.
• Transparency: It promotes transparency by presenting objective information on the software's quality, including coverage, defect severity, and impact.
• Decision-making: It provides valuable information for decision-making, such as release readiness, bug fix prioritization, and project progress.
• Continuous improvement: It contributes to the continuous improvement of the testing process by identifying patterns, issues, and areas for enhancement.

Test reporting ensures effective communication, documentation, transparency, informed decision-making, and continuous improvement in software testing.

97. What is the difference between dynamic testing and manual testing?

Dynamic testing and manual testing are both types of software testing, but they differ in their approach and methodology. Here is the differences between dynamic testing and manual testing:

98. What is the difference between functional testing and regression testing?

Functional testing and regression testing are both important types of software testing, but they differ in their focus and scope. Here's how they differ:

• Functional Testing:

The emphasis is on validating the software's functionality to ensure compliance with defined requirements. It examines and evaluates individual functions, features, and modules of the software. Generally conducted prior to or during the development cycle to detect defects at an early stage. It can be executed through manual testing or by utilizing automation tools. The primary objective is to verify that the software functions as intended, with all features and functions operating correctly.

 
• Regression Testing:

The focus is on testing the software post-modifications to ensure the absence of new defects and the continued functionality of existing features. It encompasses testing the entire software system or a substantial portion of it. Generally conducted following software changes, including bug fixes or the addition of new features, to verify that the alterations have not adversely affected the existing functionality. Frequently executed using automation tools to enhance efficiency and reduce the likelihood of human errors. The primary goal is to ascertain that software changes do not result in regression or unintended consequences.

99. What is the importance of traceability matrix in software testing?

A traceability matrix is a vital tool in software testing that offers several benefits. Its importance in software testing can be summarized as follows:

• Ensuring Requirement Coverage: Traceability matrix helps to ensure that all software requirements are covered during the testing process. This helps to ensure complete test coverage and guarantees that no requirement is left untested.
• Facilitating Defect Management: Traceability matrix helps in tracking defects and identifying their root causes. It helps in linking defects to specific requirements and identifying which requirements were not met, leading to defects.
• Managing Changes: Traceability matrix helps in managing changes to the software requirements. It helps in understanding the impact of changes made to the requirements on the testing process and the software under test.
• Test Case Management: Traceability matrix assists in managing test cases. It helps in identifying which test cases are required to cover specific requirements and which test cases can be eliminated.
• Ensuring Compliance: Traceability matrix helps in ensuring compliance with industry standards and regulations. It helps in demonstrating that all the requirements have been covered and tested, which is essential for regulatory compliance.

100. What is the importance of test coverage in regression testing?

Regression testing involves retesting a software application to confirm that previous defects have been resolved, and new changes have not introduced new issues.Test coverage is critical in regression testing, as it measures the degree to which a set of test cases covers the functionality of a system. The higher the test coverage, the more thorough the testing process, and the greater the chances of identifying defects.

A comprehensive test coverage is necessary to ensure that all areas of the system are adequately tested, and any modifications made to the software do not adversely affect its existing functionality. By examining the test coverage, testers can pinpoint which areas of the application require further testing, and add more test cases to provide complete coverage. A higher level of test coverage can also enhance the probability of detecting defects and other issues, making it easier to identify and resolve problems before they escalate.

101. What is the role of a test plan in regression testing?

A test plan is a critical document that outlines the testing activities' scope, objectives, and approach, including regression testing. A well-defined test plan for regression testing should include the areas of the software application to be tested, the required hardware and software configurations, the testing techniques and tools to be used, the test cases to be executed, the regression test suite, and the testing schedule, timelines, and milestones. The test plan ensures that the testing process is thorough, efficient, and cost-effective.

102. What is the difference between test execution and test evaluation?

Test execution and test evaluation are two critical activities in the software testing process. Here's the difference between the two:

• Test Execution: Test execution is the process of running the tests designed during the test planning phase. The primary objective of test execution is to identify defects, errors, and other issues in the software under test. Test execution includes the following activities:
• Preparing the test environment
• Executing the tests
• Capturing and logging the results
• Reporting any defects found during testing
• Test Evaluation: Test evaluation is the process of analyzing the results of the testing process and making decisions based on the findings. The primary objective of test evaluation is to determine whether the software is ready for release or not. Test evaluation includes the following activities:
• Analyzing the test results and identifying trends
• Reviewing the defect reports
• Making a decision on whether to release the software or not
• Preparing the test summary report

103. What is the importance of test automation in software testing?

In software testing, test automation is a significant process that involves utilizing tools and scripts to automate repetitive and time-consuming testing tasks. This is vital as it enhances testing efficiency, precision, and accelerates the testing process while detecting defects earlier and saving costs. Test automation reduces the time and effort required to execute tests, ensuring that the same tests are executed consistently and generating more accurate test results. It also contributes to reducing the time-to-market for software products, giving companies a competitive edge, and minimizes the costs of correcting defects. Overall, test automation is an essential aspect of software testing, which ensures that software products meet the necessary quality standards.

104. What is the difference between a test plan and a test summary report?

105. What is a test environment matrix, and how is it used in testing?

A test environment matrix is a document that outlines the hardware, software, network, and other infrastructure components required for different test environments in software testing. It provides details such as environment names, descriptions, hardware and software configurations, network setups, test data requirements, dependencies, pre-condition setups, availability, and maintenance and support information.

The test environment matrix is used in testing to plan and set up the appropriate test environments, ensure consistency in configurations, facilitate collaboration among team members, aid in reproducing test scenarios or issues, and support scalability when multiple testers or teams are involved. It improves the efficiency and reliability of testing by providing a structured overview of the necessary environments and ensuring consistent and controlled testing processes.

106. What is the difference between a test case and a test suite?

107. What is a test case and how do you write one?

A test case is a methodical procedure used to assess whether a specific feature or functionality of a software application is operating correctly. It involves executing a set of actions or steps to validate if the application behaves as intended under various conditions. To develop a test case, a structured approach must be followed to ensure that it covers all possible scenarios associated with the feature being tested. This includes identifying the objective of the test case, the inputs or conditions to be tested, the expected outcome, and the actual steps that the tester will take to perform the test. Additional notes or information that may be helpful for the tester can also be included. As an example, a test case for a login functionality might involve verifying that a user can log in successfully to the application by entering valid username and password and being redirected to the homepage, among other criteria.

108. What is manual testing and how is it different from automated testing?

Manual testing is a software testing technique in which testers manually execute predefined test cases and explore programs in order to detect faults and provide feedback to developers. This process might be laborious and time-consuming, but it is required to ensure software quality.

Instead of requiring manual intervention, automated testing employs software tools to automatically carry out test cases. It is frequently employed for activities like performance testing, regression testing, and load testing. Automated testing is more efficient and faster than manual testing, but it involves knowledge of scripting, programming, and automation technologies.

Both human and automated testing have benefits and drawbacks, and they are frequently used in tandem in software development projects. Manual testing is ideal for user experience testing and exploratory testing, whereas automated testing is better suited for repetitive and time-consuming testing activities. The testing approach chosen is determined by the project requirements, available resources, and timeframe.

109. What is the importance of testing in software development?

Testing is essential in software development because it identifies errors and issues early in the development process, allowing them to be rectified before the product is released to the market. Additionally, testing contributes to the enhancement of the software's overall quality and dependability, which may lead to more satisfied and steadfast customers. By identifying flaws early and preventing the need for expensive repair and maintenance later on, testing can also assist to lower the overall cost of software development. However, testing is important for ensuring that the software product complies with the needs and criteria specified by the client or end user, which is crucial for producing a successful product.

110. What is the purpose of the Test Plan document?

The goal of the Test plan document is to provide a complete and comprehensive overview of the testing strategy, tactics, and activities that will be carried out during the testing phase of a software development project. It describes the testing activities' scope, objectives, and timetables, as well as the roles and duties of the testing team members. The Test Plan document includes covers the test environment, test data, and testing tools that will be utilized, as well as the test cases and processes that will be carried out to guarantee that the software meets the requirements and quality standards. In order to make sure that everyone is aware of the testing strategy and their individual roles and responsibilities, the Test Plan document also acts as a communication tool between the testing team and other stakeholders, including project managers, developers, and business analysts.

111. What is regression testing and when is it performed?

Regression testing is a software testing approach used to ensure that changes to an application or system have not created any new bugs or rendered any functioning that was previously working improperly. To make sure the system still performs as expected after modifications, it requires running the test cases that were previously conducted on the system again.

Regression testing is performed after a change is made to a software system, such as a bug fix, enhancement, or new feature. It helps to ensure that the changes made have not caused any unintended side effects that may have impacted the functionality of the system. It is performed during the software testing phase of the software development life cycle, and it can be automated or executed manually. It is an important part of the overall software testing process to ensure that the system remains reliable and stable and that the quality of the system is maintained over time.

112. What is exploratory testing and when is it used?

Exploratory testing is an agile approach to software testing that allows testers to explore the software application while simultaneously designing and executing test cases. It is especially useful for new or complex software systems where traditional scripted testing may not be sufficient. Unlike traditional testing, exploratory testing does not require predefined test plans or scripts, and it is conducted by experienced testers who use their intuition and creativity to find defects that may not have been identified otherwise.

The primary goal of exploratory testing is to rapidly and efficiently find defects and issues in software applications, and it can be utilized at any point in the software development life cycle. It is especially useful in the early stages of the development process, such as prototype or design, when needs are vague or continually changing. Exploratory testing can also be combined with scripted testing to ensure a more thorough and successful testing procedure.

113. What is black box testing and how is it performed?

The black box testing method is used to test software systems without any prior knowledge of their internal structure, design, or code. This technique is named after the concept of a black box, which is a device that performs a specific function without revealing its inner workings.

Black box testing is performed by a tester who has no knowledge of the system's internal workings. The tester uses various testing techniques to input data and examine the system's responses to ensure that it behaves as expected.

The following are some common techniques used in black box testing:

• Equivalence partitioning: Dividing the input domain into classes of data, where each class is expected to behave in a similar way.
• Boundary value analysis: Testing inputs at the boundary or edge of the input domain, where the behavior of the system is likely to change.
• Decision table testing: Creating a table of inputs and expected outputs to test the system's decision-making process.
• State transition testing: Testing the system's behavior as it moves from one state to another.
• Use case testing: Testing the system's behavior in response to real-world scenarios.

Black box testing is effective in finding defects that may not be apparent from examining the system's internal structure. However, it does not provide insight into the system's internal workings or architecture, which is important for debugging and maintenance purposes.

114. What is white box testing and how is it performed?

White box testing is an approach used in software testing that involves analyzing the internal structure and workings of a software application to confirm its functionality. This testing method is sometimes referred to as structural testing, clear box testing, or transparent box testing. White box testing's major objective is to check the code, architecture, and design of the software application to make sure it complies with the necessary quality standards and specifications. It analyzes the internal workings of the software to find potential flaws and identify areas for development in order to improve the product's overall quality.

It is often carried out by testers or software engineers who have access to the source code and are acquainted with the inner workings of the application. To carry out white box testing, the tester typically follows a series of steps, including test planning, test environment setup, test case execution, test coverage analysis, debugging, and regression testing. Testers use various techniques in white box testing, such as statement coverage, branch coverage, path coverage, and condition coverage. The aim of these techniques is to ensure that all parts of the code have been thoroughly tested.

115. What is boundary value analysis and equivalence partitioning?

Two commonly used software testing techniques are equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis. Equivalence partitioning involves dividing input data into groups where all values in each group are considered equivalent, thus reducing the number of test cases required. For example, if a system accepts values between 1 and 100, testers could divide the input values into three groups: values less than 1, values between 1 and 100, and values greater than 100. Testers could then select representative values from each group to ensure that the system behaves correctly for all input values.

Boundary value analysis complements equivalence partitioning by testing the system's behavior at the boundaries of each group, where errors are more likely to occur. For instance, if the system accepts values between 1 and 100, testers would test the system's behavior for values of 1, 100, and values near the boundaries, such as 2, 99, 101, and 0. This technique helps to ensure that the system handles values at the edge of each group correctly.

116. What is a defect and how do you report one?

In software testing, a defect refers to an issue or flaw that results in the system not working as intended. Defects can arise at any point in the software development life cycle, ranging from gathering requirements to coding and testing. Testers report defects by identifying them and documenting them with enough detail to help the development team understand the problem. Defects are documented in a tracking tool, including steps to reproduce the issue, severity and priority, and relevant screenshots or logs. Testers assign the defect to the responsible person and verify the fix after the development team resolves it. A standard defect reporting process enhances software quality and reduces development costs.

117. What is the difference between severity and priority?

In software testing, severity and priority are two different attributes that are used to classify defects.

118. What is the role of a tester in a software development project?

In a software development project, a tester's primary duty is to guarantee that the software application or program functions as intended and complies with all requirements. In order to create test plans and test cases that cover all the intended functionality and scenarios, testers work in tandem with the development team to understand the software's design and requirements. They execute these test cases, document the results, and report any problems they discover. Testers may also perform non-functional testing, such as performance, security, and usability testing, to guarantee that the software functions well under diverse conditions and fulfills the needs of its intended users. The tester's job is essential in guaranteeing that the software is of high quality, fulfills user needs, and is free of defects that might result in customer dissatisfaction or even harm

119. What is a traceability matrix and why is it important?

A traceability matrix is a project management and software development tool used to ensure that all requirements are met by mapping multiple sets of requirements, including business requirements, functional requirements, and design specifications. It tracks requirements from planning to delivery, enabling project managers to identify which requirements have been implemented, are in progress, or are yet to be started. It is crucial because it enables the project to be delivered on schedule and under budget while also ensuring that the needs of the stakeholders are met. It also reduces the possibility of errors and omissions, which can result in costly delays and rework. Furthermore, the traceability matrix is a useful tool for managing change requests since it helps project managers quickly determine the impact of modifications on project requirements and timelines.

120. What is the difference between alpha testing and beta testing?

Alpha testing and beta testing are both types of software testing, but they differ in their purpose, scope, and timing.

Alpha testing is the first phase of software testing, performed by the development team in a controlled environment before the software is released to external testers or users. On the other hand, beta testing is a type of software testing conducted by a selected group of external testers or users in a real-world environment, after the software has undergone alpha testing.

121. What is the difference between system testing and acceptance testing?

System testing and acceptance testing are two important types of testing that are performed during the software development life cycle. While both types of testing are important for ensuring the quality and functionality of software systems, there are some key differences between them. These are some key differences between system testing and acceptance testing:

122. What is usability testing and how is it performed?

Usability testing is a type of testing that evaluates how user-friendly and easy-to-use a software system is for its intended users. It involves observing and measuring how actual end-users interact with the system to identify any usability issues and areas for improvement. Usability testing can be performed at different stages of the software development process, such as during prototyping, design, development, and post-release maintenance.

Here is a general process for performing usability testing:

• Define the objectives: Determine the goals and objectives of the usability testing, such as identifying usability issues, improving user satisfaction, or increasing user engagement.
• Recruit participants: Identify and recruit representative end-users who match the system's target audience to ensure that the testing results are relevant and accurate.
• Create test scenarios: Develop realistic test scenarios and tasks that users are likely to perform when using the system, such as completing a registration form or searching for a product.
• Conduct the testing: Observe and record users as they perform the test scenarios and tasks, collecting data on their interactions, feedback, and user experience.
• Analyze the outcomes: Analyze the obtained data to detect any usability concerns, such as difficulty accessing the system, sluggish performance, or confusing user interfaces.
• Report the findings: Compile the results into a usability testing report, including recommendations for improving the system's usability, such as redesigning the user interface, simplifying navigation, or adding contextual help.

123. What is the difference between ad-hoc testing and structured testing?

Ad-hoc testing is a testing approach where testing is performed informally and without a specific plan or methodology. It is usually done on an as-needed basis and is often driven by intuition or past experience. There may be little or no documentation of the testing process, and it is typically done manually, although some ad-hoc testing may be automated using tools like record-and-playback testing or exploratory testing while structured testing is a testing approach where testing is performed according to a specific methodology or testing framework, such as Waterfall or Agile. Testing is planned and executed systematically, with a specific goal in mind. Test cases are designed and executed in a structured way, and documentation is a key part of the process. Test cases are documented and tracked, making it easier to reproduce the testing and to ensure that all necessary tests have been performed. Structured testing may involve automation, particularly for repetitive tasks or tests that require a large amount of data or computation.

124. What is the difference between build and release?

Build refers to the process of compiling source code, converting it into executable code, and linking it with required libraries and dependencies to create a software artifact such as a binary file or an installation package. The release refers to the process of deploying the software build to an environment where it can be accessed and used by end-users. Here is the difference between them :

125. What is the difference between test environment and production environment?

When developing and deploying software, two distinct environments are used: the test environment and the production environment. The primary differences between the two are as follows:

126. What is the role of a test plan in software testing?

A test plan, which specifies the general strategy, objectives, scope, and approach for testing a software application, is a key document in the software testing process. Its goal is to give a complete testing guide and ensure that all components of the software are adequately tested.

The test plan basically acts as a road map for the testing procedure, outlining the testing goals, dates, and objectives. It gives testers the ability to pinpoint the features that need to be evaluated, the testing's scope, and the testing techniques to use, such as functional, performance, and security testing.

The test plan also assists in the efficient allocation of testing resources, guaranteeing that all testing jobs are done on schedule.

Additionally, it helps in identifying potential risks and problems that can occur throughout the testing process and offers a strategy to reduce these risks.

127. What is the difference between code coverage and test coverage?

128. What is the difference between integration testing and system testing ?

Integration testing and system testing are two important types of testing performed during the software development life cycle. Here's a the differences between them :

129. What is the role of a bug tracking tool in software testing?

The main role of bug tracking is to provide a centralized platform for reporting, tracking, and resolving defects to ensure an efficient and effective testing process.

Bug tracking tools allow testers to report and track defects in a structured and organized manner, assign defects to team members, set priorities and severity levels, and track the status of each defect from initial report to resolution. They also provide reports and metrics to identify trends, track progress, and make data-driven decisions about the testing process. Bug tracking tools help testing teams improve their efficiency, collaboration, and communication, leading to a more thorough testing process. By ensuring that defects are properly addressed and resolved before software release, they also reduce the risk of negative impact on software functionality and user experience.

130. What is the difference between sanity testing and regression testing?

131. What is the difference between static testing and dynamic testing?

Static testing is a type of testing in which the code or documentation is reviewed without executing the software and dynamic testing is a type of testing in which the software is executed with a set of test cases and the behavior and performance of the system is observed and analyzed. Here is the key difference between them:

132. What is the importance of test documentation in software testing?

Test documentation plays a crucial role in software testing as it provides a comprehensive record of the testing process and results. The importance of test documentation can be summarized as follows:

• Communication: Test documentation aids in maintaining open lines of communication between the testing team and other stakeholders including developers, project managers, and clients. It offers a shared understanding of the testing procedure, the testing goals, and the test outcomes.
• Traceability: Test documentation helps to establish traceability between requirements, test cases, and defects. This ensures that the testing process is aligned with the software requirements and that defects are appropriately tracked and managed.
• Compliance: Test documentation helps to ensure compliance with industry standards, regulations, and best practices. It provides evidence that the testing process has been properly executed and that the software has been thoroughly tested
• Maintenance: Test documentation serves as a valuable resource for maintaining the software. It helps to identify areas of the software that require further testing or maintenance and provides a record of past testing efforts.

133. What is the difference between agile and waterfall testing?

Agile and Waterfall are two different software development methodologies that have distinct approaches to testing. Here are some key differences between Agile and Waterfall testing:

134. What is the role of a QA engineer in software testing?

In software testing, a QA (Quality Assurance) Engineer's responsibility is to guarantee that the software product complies with the organization's quality standards and criteria. They are responsible for planning the testing process by creating test plans and defining test strategies.

They also work with the development team to identify test cases and scenarios. Additionally, they execute test cases and scenarios to identify defects and ensure the software meets the specified requirements. They analyze test results to identify areas for improvement and log any issues found during testing.

To improve testing efficiency and shorten testing times, QA engineers also create and manage automated tests. They collaborate closely with the development team to address any problems that arise during testing and guarantee that the software satisfies the organization's quality standards. In order to maintain traceability and provide a record of the testing process, they also document the testing process, including test plans, test cases, and test results.

135. What is the difference between a test plan and a test case?

Test plans and test cases are both important components of software testing. A test plan outlines the overall testing strategy for a project, while a test case is a specific set of steps and conditions that are designed to test a particular aspect of the software. Here's the key differences between the two:

136. What is the difference between system testing and acceptance testing?

System testing and acceptance testing are two important types of testing that are performed during the software development life cycle. While both types of testing are important for ensuring the quality and functionality of software systems, there are some key differences between them. These are some key differences between system testing and acceptance testing:

137. What is usability testing and how is it performed?

Usability testing evaluates how user-friendly and easy-to-use a software system is for its intended users, considering their perspectives and needs. It involves observing and measuring how actual end-users interact with the system to identify any usability issues and areas for improvement. Usability testing can be performed at different stages of the software development process, such as during prototyping, design, development, and post-release maintenance.

Here is a general process for performing usability testing:

• Define the objectives: Decide on the purposes and aims of the usability testing, such as identifying problems with usability, enhancing user satisfaction or improving user engagement.
• Recruit participants: Identify and recruit representative end-users who match the system's target audience to ensure that the testing results are relevant and accurate.
• Create test scenarios: Develop realistic test scenarios and tasks that users are likely to perform when using the system, such as completing a registration form or searching for a product.
• Conduct the testing: Observe and record users as they perform the test scenarios and tasks, collecting data on their interactions, feedback, and user experience.
• Analyze the outcomes: Analyze the obtained data to detect any usability concerns, such as difficulty accessing the system, sluggish performance, or confusing user interfaces.
• Report the findings: Compile the results into a usability testing report, including recommendations for improving the system's usability, such as redesigning the user interface, simplifying navigation, or adding contextual help.

138. What is the difference between ad-hoc testing and structured testing?

Ad-hoc testing is a testing approach where testing is performed informally and without a specific plan or methodology. It is usually done on an as-needed basis and is often driven by intuition or past experience. There may be little or no documentation of the testing process, and it is typically done manually, although some ad-hoc testing may be automated using tools like record-and-playback testing or exploratory testing while structured testing is a testing approach where testing is performed according to a specific methodology or testing framework, such as Waterfall or Agile. Testing is planned and executed systematically, with a specific goal in mind. Test cases are designed and executed in a structured way, and documentation is a key part of the process. Test cases are documented and tracked, making it easier to reproduce the testing and to ensure that all necessary tests have been performed. Structured testing may involve automation, particularly for repetitive tasks or tests that require a large amount of data or computation.

139. What is the difference between test environment and production environment?

When developing and deploying software, two distinct environments are used: the test environment and the production environment. The primary differences between the two are as follows:

140. What is the role of a test plan in software testing?

A test plan, which specifies the general strategy, objectives, scope, and approach for testing a software application, is a key document in the software testing process. Its goal is to give a complete testing guide and ensure that all components of the software are adequately tested. It basically acts as a road map for the testing procedure, outlining the testing goals, dates, and objectives. It gives testers the ability to pinpoint the features that need to be evaluated, the testing's scope, and the testing techniques to use, such as functional, performance, and security testing.

The test plan also aids in the effective allocation of testing resources, ensuring that all testing tasks are completed in accordance with the planned timeline. Additionally, it helps in identifying potential risks and problems that can occur throughout the testing process and offers a strategy to reduce these risks.

141. What is the difference between code coverage and test coverage?

142. What is the difference between integration testing and system testing ?

Integration testing and system testing are two important types of testing performed during the software development life cycle. Here's a the differences between them :

143. What is the role of a bug tracking tool in software testing?

The main role of bug tracking is to provide a centralized platform for reporting, tracking, and resolving defects to ensure an efficient and effective testing process.

Bug tracking tools allow testers to report and track defects in a structured and organized manner, assign defects to team members, set priorities and severity levels, and track the status of each defect from initial report to resolution. They also provide reports and metrics to identify trends, track progress, and make data-driven decisions about the testing process. Bug tracking tools help testing teams improve their efficiency, collaboration, and communication, leading to a more thorough testing process. By ensuring that defects are properly addressed and resolved before software release, they also reduce the risk of negative impact on software functionality and user experience.

144. What is the difference between sanity testing and regression testing?

Thes are the major differences between sanity testing and regression testing :

145. What is the difference between static testing and dynamic testing?

Static testing is a type of testing in which the code or documentation is reviewed without executing the software. The goal is to find defects in the early stages of development and prevent them from becoming more serious problems later on.

Dynamic testing is a type of testing in which the software is executed with a set of test cases and the behavior and performance of the system is observed and analyzed. The goal is to verify that the software meets its requirements and performs as expected.

146. What is the importance of test documentation in software testing?

Test documentation plays a crucial role in software testing as it provides a comprehensive record of the testing process and results. The importance of test documentation can be summarized as follows:

• Communication: Test documentation aids in maintaining open lines of communication between the testing team and other stakeholders including developers, project managers, and clients. It offers a shared understanding of the testing procedure, the testing goals, and the test outcomes.
• Traceability: Test documentation helps to establish traceability between requirements, test cases, and defects. This ensures that the testing process is aligned with the software requirements and that defects are appropriately tracked and managed.
• Compliance: Test documentation helps to ensure compliance with industry standards, regulations, and best practices. It provides evidence that the testing process has been properly executed and that the software has been thoroughly tested.
• Maintenance: Test documentation serves as a valuable resource for maintaining the software. It helps to identify areas of the software that require further testing or maintenance and provides a record of past testing efforts.

147. What is the role of a QA engineer in software testing?

The role of a QA (Quality Assurance) Engineer in software testing is to ensure that the software product meets the quality standards and requirements set by the organization. They are responsible for planning the testing process by creating test plans and defining test strategies. They also work with the development team to identify test cases and scenarios. Additionally, they execute test cases and scenarios to identify defects and ensure the software meets the specified requirements. They analyze test results to identify areas for improvement and log any issues found during testing.

To improve testing efficiency and shorten testing times, QA engineers also create and manage automated tests. They collaborate closely with the development team to address any problems that arise during testing and guarantee that the software satisfies the organization's quality standards. In order to maintain traceability and provide a record of the testing process, they also document the testing process, including test plans, test cases, and test results.

148. What is the difference between a test plan and a test case?

Test plans and test cases are both important components of software testing. A test plan outlines the overall testing strategy for a project, while a test case is a specific set of steps and conditions that are designed to test a particular aspect of the software. Here's the key differences between the two:

149 . What is the difference between a test script and a test scenario?

Here is the main differences between test scripts and test scenarios:

Manual Testing Interview Questions

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150. What is the importance of test data in software testing?

Test data is a crucial aspect of software testing as it helps to verify that the application functions correctly, performs efficiently, and is secure. It serves several critical purposes in software testing, including confirming the system's functionality by supplying inputs to detect errors or flaws, identifying rare but significant edge cases that could impact the application, ensuring the accuracy of the data stored in the system, enhancing test coverage by providing a diverse range of inputs and scenarios and bolstering security by emulating various attacks and scenarios to detect potential vulnerabilities. By utilizing test data, software testers can enhance the application's quality and minimize the time and cost associated with resolving issues.

151. What is the difference between performance testing and stress testing?

Performance testing and stress testing are two types of software testing that help evaluate a system's performance and behavior under different conditions. The main difference between these two testing types is their purpose and the testing parameters. Here's a main the difference between them :

Manual Testing Interview Questions for Intermediate

152. What is test coverage, and how do you ensure complete test coverage?

Test coverage is a measure of how extensively software has been tested, typically expressed as a percentage of the code or functionality exercised by the test cases. It's critical to ensure comprehensive test coverage to detect potential defects and guarantee that the software satisfies the specified requirements. To achieve complete test coverage, it's important to have clear and comprehensive requirements that encompass all possible use cases and edge cases, develop a detailed test plan, utilize a variety of testing techniques, automate testing where feasible, utilize code coverage tools to identify any untested code or functionality, and continually monitor and enhance the testing process as the software evolves and new requirements are added.

153. What is the difference between a defect and an enhancement?

Defects are problems that need to be fixed to restore the expected behavior of the system, while enhancements are improvements that add value to the existing system. Here is the difference between them :

154. What is the role of a QA analyst in a software development team?

A critical function in software development teams is performed by the QA analyst who ensures that the software meets the necessary quality standards and specifications. The QA analyst's main duties involve scrutinizing project requirements and specifications, devising and implementing test plans, detecting and reporting defects, collaborating with the development team, participating in product design and code reviews, and maintaining documentation related to testing processes.

155. What is regression testing, and why is it important?

Regression testing is carried out to confirm that alterations made to an existing software system or application do not result in unintentional impacts. The primary goal of regression testing is to verify that changes to the software do not introduce any new errors or cause previously resolved issues to recur in the existing software functionality.

Regression testing is essential because it ensures that the quality and reliability of the software are maintained following any changes made to it. It helps to detect any bugs or problems that may have arisen during the development process or while adding new features. If regression testing is not performed, there is a risk that defects may go unnoticed, resulting in decreased software quality and negative impacts on the user experience.

156. What is the difference between smoke testing and regression testing?

Smoke testing and regression testing are both software testing techniques used to ensure the quality of a software product, but they serve different purposes and are performed at different times during the development process.

Smoke testing is a preliminary testing procedure used to confirm that the software application's primary and fundamental features are operating as expected after a fresh build or deployment. It is usually done before performing additional testing to identify any significant flaws that would prevent the testing from continuing. Smoke testing is typically a brief, simple test that focuses on finding significant flaws, including installation or setup difficulties, which can be fixed before further testing.

Regression testing is a more comprehensive testing process that is conducted to verify that the existing functionality of the software is working as expected after new changes are made to the software. It is performed to ensure that changes made to the software, such as adding new features or fixing bugs, have not introduced new issues or caused existing functionalities to break. Regression testing is usually performed after smoke testing and is designed to be more thorough and rigorous.

157. What is the difference between risk-based testing and exploratory testing?

Risk-based testing and exploratory testing are two different approaches to software testing, which are used to address different aspects of software quality.

A testing strategy known as "risk-based testing" focuses on locating and resolving the most significant hazards connected to a software application. In this method, testing efforts are prioritized based on an assessment of the software's possible hazards. Risk-based testing seeks to reduce the likelihood of failures by ensuring that the software's most crucial and high-risk sections are fully tested. In safety-critical applications including aviation, medical equipment, and nuclear power plants, risk-based testing is frequently used while exploratory testing is a testing approach that emphasizes the tester's creativity, experience, and knowledge of the software application. In this approach, the tester explores the software application and tests it in an unstructured manner, without following a predefined test plan. The aim of exploratory testing is to find defects that may not be easily discovered through scripted testing, such as unexpected behavior or usability issues. Exploratory testing is often used in agile software development environments, where the requirements and specifications are continuously evolving, and there is a need for quick feedback.

158. What is the difference between test estimation and test planning?

At various stages of the software development lifecycle, two individual tasks known as test planning and test estimations are frequently performed. Test estimating involves determining the amount of work required to complete testing activities, whereas test planning requires developing a detailed plan for how testing will be carried out.

Test estimation: Test estimation typically takes place early in the project, during the requirement gathering and analysis phase. The goal of test estimation is to estimate the amount of time, resources, and personnel required to complete testing activities, such as test case development, test execution, and defect reporting. Test estimation is important because it helps project managers allocate resources appropriately and make informed decisions about project timelines and budgets.

Test planning: The process of test planning includes creating a thorough plan for how testing will be carried out. Information about the test strategy, the different kinds of tests that will be run, the testing tools and technologies that will be utilized, the test environment, and the roles and duties of the testing team are all included in this plan. Test planning is normally completed after the requirements have been finalized and before the testing phase begins.

159. What is the difference between a test case and a defect?

These are the major differences between test case and defect :-

160. What is the difference between performance testing and load testing?

Performance testing and load testing are both important types of testing that help evaluate the performance of a software application or system, but there are some key differences between the them :

161 . What is the difference between compatibility testing and interoperability testing?

162. What is the difference between a test case and a test data?

Test data and test cases are both important terms used in software testing. The main difference between them is that test data refers to the input data that is used for testing a particular functionality, while a test case is a set of instructions or conditions used to test that functionality.

These are some differences between them:

163. What is the difference between a test suite and a test script?

In software testing, a test suite and a test script are both important terms used to describe different aspects of the testing process. A test suite is a group of multiple test cases that are organized together, whereas a test script is a set of instructions or code used to automate the testing process for a specific test case. These are some differences between them :

164. What is the difference between test coverage and traceability?

Test coverage and traceability are both important concepts in software testing, but they are different in their focus and objectives. Here's the differences between them:

Manual Testing Interview Questions for Experienced

165. What are the challenges in testing distributed systems?

Testing distributed systems may be a difficult undertaking due to their nature of having several components dispersed across different machines talking with each other to execute a set of tasks. The following are some major difficulties in testing distributed systems:

• Network Communication: Network latency, packet loss, and congestion cause challenges in testing the communication between distributed system components.
• Component Failure: A distributed system might have individual components fail, and testing for these failure scenarios can be difficult because it necessitates modeling failure scenarios and observing the system's reaction.
• Data Consistency: Maintaining data consistency can be difficult in a distributed system where several components may store and access data. It's crucial to confirm that all components have access to the same data and that modifications are properly propagated to all components in order to guarantee data consistency.
• Scalability: Testing for scalability in distributed systems can be difficult because they are built to accommodate massive amounts of data and users. It's crucial to simulate various load scenarios and evaluate the system's performance under various loads in order to assure scalability.
• Testing Environment: It is difficult to test a distributed system in a production-like environment. The testing environment must properly replicate the production environment, including network circumstances, component failure situations, and data quantities.

166. How do you create an effective test strategy for a complex system?

An organized and comprehensive approach is necessary to develop a successful test strategy for a complicated system. You can follow the stages below as a roadmap for the procedure: Learn everything you can about the architecture, design, interfaces, and operation of the system first. Next, establish specific testing goals and list potential risks, prioritizing them according to their significance and likelihood. Determine the necessary test coverage and create detailed test scenarios and cases that check the system's behavior in a number of real-world circumstances based on this knowledge. Establish the necessary test environment, run tests in accordance with your strategy, and provide results to stakeholders, including any problems detected. Finally, based on the data acquired, iterate on your test strategy, refining your approach to fulfill testing objectives and achieve desired test coverage levels.

167. How do you design a test suite for a complex system?

Creating a complete test suite for a complicated system may be difficult, but it is critical to ensure that the system works as excepted and meets its criteria. Starting with a thorough understanding of the system's architecture, design, requirements, and dependencies is essential if you want to create a test suite that works. After that, you must specify the main test goals and list all of the possible use cases and scenarios that the system might experience, including both typical and extreme situations. Following that, you may develop comprehensive test cases for each scenario and rank them according to how critical and dependent they are.

Planning for test automation is essential if you want to shorten the time and effort needed for testing. Once the test suite is prepared, you may run the tests, examine the results, and spot any flaws or problems that require fixing. Repeat the testing process iteratively, incorporating feedback from the previous testing cycles, to continuously improve the test suite and ensure the system is thoroughly tested. It's also vital to involve different stakeholders in the testing process and communicate the testing progress and results effectively.

168. How do you handle test data management for a large system?

To effectively manage test data for a large system, follow these steps:

• Identify data requirements: Understand the types of data needed for test scenarios.
• Create representative datasets: Develop datasets that accurately represent various scenarios and use cases.
• Generate synthetic data: If real production data is unsuitable, create synthetic data that resembles actual data characteristics.
• Anonymize and mask sensitive data: Protect user privacy by anonymizing or masking sensitive or personally identifiable information.
• Manage test data environments: Maintain separate environments for test data to ensure data integrity and prevent mixing with production data.
• Automate data provisioning: Develop automated processes for efficient test data generation and population.
• Maintain data versioning: Keep track of different data versions for retesting and historical comparisons.
• Monitor data quality: Regularly check data accuracy and integrity.
• Collaborate with stakeholders: Foster collaboration among testers, developers, and other stakeholders involved in test data management.
• Secure and protect test data: Implement security measures to safeguard test data from unauthorized access or breaches.

169. How do you perform security testing for a web application?

There are various phases to performing security testing on a web application. To begin, identify potential security threats like injection attacks, cross-site scripting (XSS), cross-site request forgery (CSRF), and authentication and authorization concerns. Next, the attack surface of the web application should be mapped to locate all potential entry points. Vulnerability scanning using automated tools such as web application vulnerability scanners is another essential step to identify vulnerabilities. Additionally, manual testing is required to identify vulnerabilities that automated tools could miss. Penetration testing is used to stimulate real-world attacks and detect potential weaknesses. A manual study of the web application's source code can also reveal vulnerabilities that were previously missed. It is critical to validate the results to confirm that they can be abused and to report any vulnerabilities to the development team. Finally, after resolving the vulnerabilities, it is critical to retest the web application to identify any new vulnerabilities introduced.

170. How do you perform compatibility testing for a mobile application?

When performing compatibility testing for a mobile application, the primary goal is to ensure that the application functions properly across a broad range of mobile devices, operating systems, and network configurations. there are several measures that should be taken during testing ,these measures can include the following:

• Identify the Target Devices and Platforms: Determine which mobile devices and operating systems the application must be compatible with, when selecting target devices, consider aspects such as market share and device capabilities.
• Determine the Test Environment: Create a test environment that replicates the various devices and operating systems with which the programme must be compatible. This can comprise virtual machines, cloud-based testing services, or physical equipment
• Test Different Screen Resolutions: Run the application's user interface through a variety of screen resolutions and orientations to confirm that it shows properly on a variety of devices.
• Test Different Network settings: To ensure that the application works properly under diverse network conditions, test its performance across several network settings such as 3G, 4G, and Wi-Fi.
• Device-Specific functions: Verify that device-specific functions such as the camera, GPS, and touch screen work properly across several devices.
• Test Compatibility with Other Applications: Before installing an application on a device,
• Conduct Regression Testing: Conduct regression testing to make sure that modifications made to resolve compatibility issues do not result in the emergence of fresh compatibility problems.
• Record and Report Findings: Document and report any compatibility issues discovered during testing, including the severity of the issues and the devices or operating systems that are affected.

171. What are the different types of test cases and how are they created?

There are several types of test cases that are used in software testing to ensure that the software meets the specified requirements and functions correctly. Here are some common types of test cases and how they are created:

• Functional Test Cases: Functional test cases are designed to verify that the software performs the functions it is intended to perform. They are typically created based on the functional requirements specified in the software specification or user stories. Testers create test cases that cover all possible scenarios for each function and verify that the system behaves as expected in each case.
• Integration Test Cases: Integration test cases are intended to ensure that multiple software modules perform together as planned. Typically, they are produced using data flow diagrams and interface standards. The creation of test cases by testers ensures that they test every possible interface combination and that the modules are correctly communicating with one another.
• Regression Test Cases: Regression test cases are created to make sure the software continues to operate correctly after modifications have been made to the software. They are usually developed based on previously conducted functional and integration test cases. Testers write test cases that cover all areas of the software that have been altered and ensure that the modifications have not introduced new faults.
• Performance Test Cases: Performance test cases are designed to guarantee that the program works exactly as expected under various load conditions. Typically, they are created in compliance with the software specification's performance requirements. To guarantee that the programme meets the performance requirements, testers create test cases that replicate varying degrees of demand.
• Usability Test Cases: These test cases are intended to demonstrate that the software satisfies the expectations of its intended user. Usually, they are developed in accordance with user requirements and interface criteria. In order to ensure that the application is user-friendly and meets users' demands, testers build test cases that cover every area of the user interface.

Testing professionals frequently create test cases using a systematic method that includes specifying the input, anticipated result, and test procedures to be used. They make sure that all probable scenarios are covered in the test cases, and they take into account the different scenarios and possible combinations. The necessary stakeholders assess and give their approval to the test cases before they are executed.

172. What is the difference between a test plan and a test suite?

173. What is the role of a testing architect in a software development team?

The primary responsibility of a testing architect in a software development team is to create an effective testing strategy for the software product. It involves designing and implementing a comprehensive testing strategy to ensure software quality. They collaborate closely with the development team to create test plans, define test cases, and develop automated testing scripts for functional and non-functional testing. Additionally, the testing architect manages the testing process, tracks bugs and issues, prioritizes test cases, and reports on testing status. Ultimately, the testing architect ensures timely delivery of software that meets requirements and stays within budget, emphasizing their criticality to the project's success.

174. How do you ensure data integrity during testing?

Ensuring data integrity during testing is critical for producing dependable and effective software. To accomplish this, verify that the test data is valid, comprehensive, and correct. The testing environment should be properly configured, and access restrictions should be put in place to prevent unauthorized data access, alteration, or deletion. Furthermore, testing scenarios should include a variety of data inputs, including faulty and unexpected data, and test automation can be utilized to increase test coverage and accuracy while reducing time. These techniques will assist you in identifying potential data integrity risks and designing tests to solve them. By adhering to these best practices, you may assist ensure that the software product works as planned and is trustworthy for end users.

175. What is the difference between an incident report and a defect report?

An incident report and a defect report are both types of reports used in software testing, but they serve different purposes. Here are the differences between the two:

Incident Report: - A document known as an Incident Report is used to describe an unexpected event that happened during software testing or during real-world application. It documents any deviation from expected behavior, including errors, crashes, and system failures. Incident reports may or may not have a clear cause, and they can arise from a variety of sources, including software defects, hardware failures, or user errors.

Defect Report: - A defect report is a piece of documentation that reports a bug or vulnerability in the software. It identifies a specific deviation from the product's requirements or design specifications. The report is typically generated during testing but may also be reported by end-users after the product has been released. The purpose of a defect report is to document the specific issue so that it can be reproduced, diagnosed, and fixed.

176. How do you handle testing of non-functional requirements like performance, security, and usability?

Testing non-functional requirements like performance, security, and usability is an important aspect of software testing. Here are some areas that you need to handle in testing :

• Performance Testing: To ensure the optimal performance of your application, it is essential to identify key performance metrics such as response time, throughput, and resource utilization. Once these metrics are established, performance testing tools should be utilized to simulate varying levels of load and measure the system's response. The system should be tested in diverse scenarios to detect any potential bottlenecks or areas of poor performance. Furthermore, it is crucial to incorporate real-world data to simulate practical usage patterns and volumes.
• Security Testing: When it comes to securing your application, it's essential to identify and address potential threats such as cross-site scripting (XSS) or SQL injection attacks. One way to do this is by using security testing tools that can simulate such attacks and identify any vulnerabilities in the system. Additionally, testing the system in diverse scenarios can help uncover any potential security risks or gaps. Finally, it's important to ensure that the system complies with any applicable security standards or regulations to further enhance its security posture.
• Usability Testing: It is important to identify key usability metrics such as learnability, efficiency, and satisfaction for your application. Utilizing usability testing tools can assist in gathering user feedback and measuring the user experience. Testing the system with a diverse group of users can help identify any potential usability issues. Based on user feedback, it is crucial to iterate on the design and implementation to improve the overall user experience.

177. What is the difference between a test environment and a production environment?

A test environment and a production environment are two distinct environments used in the software development life cycle.

178. How do you create a testing strategy for mobile applications?

To create an effective testing strategy for mobile applications, here is the given steps you must need to follow:

• Define Testing Objectives: Clearly define the objectives of your testing effort, including the types of issues you want to uncover and the metrics you will use to measure success.
• Identify Devices: Identify the devices and platforms that your application will support, such as different operating systems and screen sizes.
• Determine Test Coverage: Based on the identified devices and platforms, determine the types of tests you need to perform and how much coverage is necessary for each type.
• Choose Testing Tools: Choose appropriate testing tools to support your testing efforts, including automated and manual testing tools.
• Develop Test Cases: Create detailed test cases that cover all of your testing scenarios, including device-specific ones.
• Execute Tests: Follow your testing strategy and document results to identify any defects and prioritize them based on their severity.
• Report Results: Communicate testing results to stakeholders, providing detailed information about the tests performed, results obtained, and defects found.
• Iterate: Based on your testing results, refine your testing approach to meet your objectives and achieve the desired level of test coverage.

179. What are the different types of testing methodologies and when do you use them?

There are various testing methodologies, each with its own unique approach to testing software applications. Here are some of the most common testing methodologies and when to use them:

• Waterfall Testing: This is a linear and sequential methodology where testing is performed after all development phases are completed. It is best suited for small, straightforward projects with stable requirements.
• Agile Testing: This methodology is iterative and flexible that allows testing to be done throughout the development cycle. It works best for tasks that are complicated and evolving quickly.
• Exploratory Testing: This approach involves simultaneous learning, test design, and test execution. It is best suited for situations where little is known about the software and requires more creativity and intuition from the testers.
• Acceptance Testing: This is performed to ensure that the software meets the business requirements and is accepted by the stakeholders. It is typically done after functional testing and before the software is released to the end-users.
• Regression Testing: This testing method ensures that any changes or updates made to the software have not affected its existing functionality. It frequently happens after new functions, issues, or updates have been made.
• Black Box Testing: This approach is focused on the functionality of the software without knowledge of the internal structure or workings of the code. It is best suited for testing end-user scenarios.
• White Box Testing: This approach is focused on the internal structure and workings of the code. It is best suited for testing the functionality of individual components or modules.

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180. What is the difference between exploratory testing and scenario-based testing?

181. How do you perform load testing on a web application?

To perform load testing on a web application, follow these steps:

• Identify performance acceptance criteria: Determine the expected number of users, transactions, and response time for the application under test.
• Choose a load testing tool: There are several load testing tools available in the market, such as JMeter, LoadRunner, and Gatling. Choose a tool that fits your requirements and budget.
• Create realistic user scenarios: Create realistic user scenarios that match the behavior of real users on the web application. This could involve operations like login in, product searching, adding things to the cart, and checking out.
• Define the load profile: Define the load profile which involves the number of virtual users, ramp-up time, and test duration. The load profile should match the expected usage of the web application.
• Configure the load testing tool: Set up the load testing tool in accordance with the user scenarios and load profile. Setting up the number of threads, iterations, and data parameters may be a part of this.
• Execute the load test: Execute the load test and keep an eye on the application's efficiency utilizing performance indicators like response time, throughput, and error rate.
• Analyze results: Analyze the load testing results to identify any bottlenecks or performance issues. Use this information to optimize the application's performance and make improvements.
• Iterate: Repeat the load testing procedure as often as required to make sure the application can manage the anticipated load and performance standards.

182. What are the different types of performance testing and when do you use them?

Performance testing is a type of testing that is used to determine how well a system or application operates under specified conditions such as excessive load, high traffic, or other stress factors.

Performance testing comes in a variety of forms, such as load testing, stress testing, endurance testing, spike testing, and scalability testing. Stress testing is used to assess a system's capability to manage extreme load situations above its normal capacity. Load testing evaluates how well a system operates under normal and peak load levels. Endurance testing is used to determine the system's ability to handle sustained loads over a long period of time, while spike testing is used to determine the system's ability to handle sudden spikes in load. Scalability testing is used to determine how well a system can scale up or down to handle changing levels of load. The choice of performance testing type depends on the specific performance goals and requirements of the system or application being tested.

183. What is the role of test automation in software testing?

Test automation plays a vital role in software testing as it automates test case execution, resulting in increased efficiency and time savings. It ensures consistent and repeatable testing, improves test coverage, and is particularly valuable for regression testing. Automated tests provide accurate and reliable results, detect defects early in the development lifecycle, and allow for scalability in testing. Test automation also simplifies the maintenance of regression test suites and enables parallel execution for faster testing cycles

184. How do you perform integration testing in a distributed system?

Performing integration testing in a distributed system involves testing the interaction and integration between different components or services within the system. Here are some steps to perform integration testing in a distributed system:

• Identify the components: Understand the system's architecture and identify its various components or services.
• Define test scenarios: Determine the integration scenarios to be tested, covering interactions between components.
• Set up the test environment: Create an environment that resembles the production setup.
• Establish test data: Prepare the required test data, including realistic datasets and configurations.
• Design test cases: Create test cases specifying inputs, expected outputs, and validations.
• Execute test cases: Run the integration tests, monitoring interactions and data flow.
• Capture and analyze results: Log errors or failures, and compare actual outcomes with expected ones.
• Debug and resolve issues: Analyze logs, fix problems, and retest affected components.
• Test scalability and performance: Assess system scalability and performance under different conditions.
• Repeat and automate: Continuously refine scenarios, expand test coverage, and automate tests.

Integration testing in distributed systems can be complex, requiring careful planning, thorough testing, and close monitoring.

185. What are the different types of regression testing and when do you use them?

Regression testing is a type of software testing that is used to ensure that changes or modifications made to the code of a software application do not have any unintended effects on previously working functionality. There are different types of regression testing that can be used depending on the needs of the project. These include:

• Unit Regression Testing: This is used when changes are made to a specific unit of code within the application, such as a method or function. It is used to ensure that the changes made do not affect the unit's behavior.
• Partial Regression Testing: This is used when changes are made to a specific section of the code, such as a module or subsystem. It is used to ensure that the changes made do not affect other areas of the application.
• Full Regression Testing: This is used when significant changes are made to the code, such as a major update or release. It is used to ensure that all functionality of the application still works as expected after the changes have been made.
• Progressive Regression Testing: This is used when changes are made to the code over a longer period of time, such as in an Agile development environment. It involves testing new features as they are added to the application while also testing previously working functionality.
• Selective Regression Testing: This is used when changes are made to the code that are expected to have a significant impact on the application. It involves selecting specific test cases to be run based on the areas of the application that are expected to be affected by the changes.

186. How do you ensure effective communication between the testing team and other teams in the project?

Effective communication between the testing team and other teams in a project is important to get a successful result. To ensure efficient communication, consider the following advice:

• Schedule regular meetings: Schedule regular meetings: Schedule regular meetings with the project team which includes developers, product owners, and other stakeholders. These meetings can be used to discuss project status, any issues or roadblocks, and progress made by the testing team.
• Use a shared project management tool: Use a shared project management tool: To keep everyone updated on project progress, use a collaborative project management platform like Jira or Trello. These technologies enable team members to track the status of work and report any difficulties in real-time.
• Share testing reports: To keep the project team informed of the testing effort's progress, share test reports with them. These reports may contain details on completed test cases, discovered issues, and the general state of the testing effort.
• Foster open communication: Encourage team members to ask questions and express concerns in order to promote open communication between the testing team and other teams. Regular team meetings, one-on-one conversations, or other forms of communication can accomplish this.
• Use a common language: To guarantee that everyone understands the conversation when addressing testing difficulties, use a common language. By doing this, confusion and misconceptions may be avoided.
• Clarify expectations: Clarify expectations for the testing effort early in the project to ensure everyone understands what is expected of the testing team. This can include the types of testing that will be performed, the level of test coverage required, and the testing schedule.

187. How do you create a test plan for a complex system?

Creating a test plan for a complex system in manual testing involves similar principles as outlined in the previous response. Here's a step-by-step guide:

• Understand the System: Study the system's documentation, requirements, and architectural designs to identify key components and dependencies.
• Define Test Objectives: Clearly state the testing goals, scope, and constraints.
• Identify Test Levels: Determine the testing levels required and specify the ones covered by manual testing.
• Select Test Techniques: Choose suitable manual test techniques like exploratory testing or boundary value analysis.
• Create Test Scenarios: Define scenarios covering functionality, integration points, and critical paths.
• Prioritize Test Scenarios: Assign priorities based on business impact and risk analysis.
• Define Test Environment and Data: Determine the necessary test environment, hardware, software, and test data.
• Define Test Execution Strategy: Specify the sequence, dependencies, and setup steps for manual tests.
• Determine Test Entry and Exit Criteria: Establish criteria for starting and completing manual testing.
• Define Test Deliverables and Reporting: Specify test plans, test cases, logs, and defect reports.
• Identify Risks and Mitigation Strategies: Identify and address potential testing risks.
• Review and Approve: Seek feedback and obtain approvals from stakeholders.
• Test Plan Maintenance: Continuously update and maintain the test plan throughout the project lifecycle.

188. What are the challenges in testing cloud-based applications?

Testing cloud-based applications presents several challenges that include:

• Security: Cloud-based applications are accessible from anywhere, and sensitive data may be at risk of unauthorized access. Therefore, security testing is critical to ensure that the data is safe from hacking or cyber-attacks.
• Scalability: Cloud-based applications need to be scalable to handle varying loads of traffic and data processing. Therefore, testing should ensure that the application can handle the required scalability needs.
• Network issues: Cloud-based applications are highly dependent on network connections, and issues such as latency, network outages, and bandwidth can impact their performance. Therefore, testing should cover network performance and resilience to avoid downtime.
• Integration: Cloud-based applications often integrate with other applications, services, and databases, making testing complex. Therefore, testing should ensure that all integrations work seamlessly, and data is flowing correctly.
• Lack of control: Cloud-based applications are hosted on remote servers that the organization does not control. This presents challenges in monitoring the application's performance, tracking issues, and accessing logs. Therefore, testing should include monitoring, tracking, and logging strategies to ensure issues are identified and resolved quickly.

189. What is the difference between a test condition and a test scenario?

In software testing, both test conditions and test scenarios are used to define and design test cases. While they are related, they represent different aspects of the testing process. Here's the difference between the them:

190. How do you perform security testing on a distributed system?

Performing security testing on a distributed system requires a comprehensive approach that takes into consideration the various components and interfaces of the system. Here are the given steps to perform security testing on a distributed system :

• Identify the system components: The first step is to identify every element of the distributed system, including the hardware, software, and network architecture. This will assist you understand how the system is organized and potential attack routes.
• Threat modeling: Perform a threat modeling exercise to find any vulnerabilities and attacks that the system might be prone to. This exercise should cover the complete system, beginning with the user interface and ending with the back-end databases and APIs.
• Penetration testing: Perform penetration testing to simulate attacks on the system and identify vulnerabilities. In this, the network, applications, databases, and APIs may all be tested. Test all distributed system components, including any third-party components.
• Authentication and access controls: Test the authentication and access controls of the distributed system to ensure that only authorized users have access to the system and its data. This includes testing user login and password reset workflows, as well as testing the security of any APIs that allow external access.
• Encryption and data protection: Test the encryption and data protection mechanisms of the distributed system to ensure that sensitive data is protected both in transit and at rest. This includes testing the use of SSL/TLS, data encryption, and data masking.
• Disaster recovery and business continuity: In order to make sure the distributed system can recover from any attacks or outages, test the disaster recovery and business continuity measures. This involves testing backups, failover methods, and other disaster recovery processes.
• Compliance: Finally, ensure that the distributed system is compliant with relevant security standards and regulations, such as HIPAA, GDPR, or PCI DSS.

191. What is the difference between a test environment and a test bed?

192. How do you handle testing of complex workflows?

Testing complex workflows can be a daunting task, but there are effective strategies to handle it:

• Gain Workflow Understanding: Obtain a deep understanding of the workflow by breaking it down into smaller steps. Comprehend the interactions and expected outcomes to guide your testing approach.
• Identify Critical Paths: Determine the crucial functionalities or paths within the workflow that are essential for successful execution. Prioritize testing efforts to focus on these areas.
• Create Comprehensive Test Cases: Develop thorough test cases covering various scenarios and paths through the workflow. Include normal and exceptional cases, employing techniques like equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis.
• Prioritize Testing: Based on risk and impact, prioritize testing efforts for different components within the workflow. Begin with critical functionalities and high-risk areas before moving to less critical parts.
• Leverage Test Automation: Utilize test automation to reduce manual effort and increase coverage. Automate repetitive tasks and ensure consistency and accuracy in testing.
• Simulate External Dependencies: Use mocks or stubs to simulate the behavior of external systems or services that may not be available during testing. This enables isolated testing without reliance on external dependencies.
• Manage Data: Pay attention to data management within the workflow. Set up appropriate test data and ensure it represents real-world scenarios. Clean up test data after each run to maintain a consistent state.
• Test Error Handling and Exceptions: Validate how the workflow handles errors and exceptions. Verify the appropriateness of error messages and the system's ability to recover gracefully. Consider boundary cases and invalid inputs.
• Perform Performance and Scalability Testing: Test the workflow's performance and scalability to ensure it can handle expected loads within acceptable response times. Assess multiple interactions and data processing.
• Conduct End-to-End Testing: Validate the entire workflow from start to finish through end-to-end testing. Test component integration, data consistency, and the achievement of desired outcomes.

193. What is the role of exploratory testing in software testing?

Exploratory testing is a method of testing where the tester learns about the system while testing it. In this testing testers use their understanding of the system to create and perform test cases, adjusting their testing approach as they learn more about the system. The main aim of exploratory testing is to identify problems in the system that may be overlooked by other scripted testing methods. This method is especially useful in complex and fast-paced systems where the requirements are unclear or when time and resources are limited. The purpose of exploratory testing is to complement other testing methods and to provide a flexible and adaptable approach that can quickly and effectively identify issues and problems in the system.

194. How do you measure the effectiveness of your testing efforts?

To determine if testing is effective, there are different ways to measure it, including:

• Test coverage: This metric shows the percentage of code or functionality tested by dividing the lines of code or functions covered by the total number of lines of code in the software.
• Defect density: It measures the number of defects per unit of code or system, calculated by dividing the total defects by the total lines of code or functions.
• Test effectiveness ratio: It measures the number of defects found by a test case divided by the total number of test cases executed to determine how effective the testing efforts are in finding defects.
• Mean time to failure: This metric calculates the average time between the software release and the occurrence of failure to evaluate software reliability.
• Customer satisfaction: Measured through surveys or feedback mechanisms to determine whether customers are satisfied with the software.

195. What is the role of a testing coordinator in a software development team?

The testing coordinator in a software development team is responsible for managing the testing activities throughout the software development life cycle. They generally work with the project manager, developers, and other stakeholders to develop a comprehensive test plan, design and execute tests, manage defects, prepare test reports, and identify opportunities for process improvement. This role is crucial to ensuring that the software is thoroughly tested and meets the quality standards of the organization.

196. How do you perform load testing on a distributed system?

To perform load testing on a distributed system, you need to consider the following steps:

• Identify the test scenario: Firstly you need to identify the test scenario and understand the expected workload on the distributed system and then you need to analyze how the users will interact with the system and how the system responds to the users' requests.
• Set up the test environment: After, you need to set up a test environment that is similar to the production environment, the environment should include the necessary hardware, software, and network configurations and it should also include tools for lead generation and monitoring.
• Create test scripts: create test scripts that simulate the user load on the distributed system, these scripts should include realistic scenarios that represent the behavior of real users.
• Execute the load test: Execute the load test and monitor the system's performance. you should collect data on the response time, throughput, and error rate of the system when conducting the test.
• Analyze the results: Once the load test is completed, you need to analyze the results to identify any bottlenecks or performance issues. You should use the data which is collected during the test to tune the system's performance and identify any areas for improvement.
• Repeat the test: After analyzing the results and making any necessary changes, you should repeat the load test to ensure that the system can handle the expected workload.

197. How do you handle testing of legacy systems?

Testing legacy systems can pose a challenge as they were created with older technologies and may lack proper documentation. To handle testing of legacy systems, a risk analysis should be conducted to prioritize the areas of the system that require testing. Existing documentation should be reviewed, and reverse engineering can be done to understand the system better. Test cases should be created, focusing on critical functionalities, and automation can be used where possible. Regression testing should be performed to ensure changes do not break existing functionality. Collaboration with domain experts can identify areas that require extensive testing, and documenting and tracking defects found during testing is essential for prioritizing bug fixes.

198 . What is the importance of Localization Testing?

Localization testing is an essential part of manual testing that focuses on assessing how well a software application is adapted to a specific locale or target market. Its importance lies in ensuring cultural adaptation, validating user experience, verifying language accuracy, validating functionality, complying with legal requirements, and enabling successful market expansion. By conducting localization testing, software applications can effectively cater to diverse markets, enhance user experience, and increase market acceptance.

199. How do you perform user acceptance testing on a complex system?

User acceptance testing (UAT) on a complex system can be challenging. Here are some steps that can be taken to perform UAT effectively:

• Define UAT criteria: Create UAT criteria first, which specify the requirements for the complex system's acceptance and the requirements must specify what the system must accomplish and how it must act, and they must be clear and simple.
• Identify UAT scenarios: Identify UAT scenarios by focusing on the most critical features of the system that need to be tested and it is crucial to prioritize the scenarios based on their importance and the risks associated with them.
• Select UAT participants: Select UAT participants who are familiar with the system and its business requirements. These participants should represent the end-users and stakeholders who will be using the system in their daily operations.
• Create UAT test cases: Develop UAT test cases based on the UAT scenarios identified, these test cases should be designed to validate the system's functionality and behavior.
• Perform UAT testing: Execute the UAT test cases to validate the system's functionality and behavior and it is important to document all the test results, including any issues or defects that are found during testing.
• Review and prioritize defects: Review all the defects found during UAT testing and prioritize them based on their severity and impact on the system's functionality.
• Re-test and verify fixes: After defects have been fixed, retest the system to verify that the fixes are working as intended and have not introduced any new issues.
• Sign-off on UAT: Finally, obtain sign-off from the UAT participants that the system meets their acceptance criteria and is ready for deployment.

200 . Describe what Fuzz Testing is and how important it is.

Fuzz testing, also known as fuzzing, can be applied in manual testing alongside automated techniques. In manual fuzz testing, testers manually provide unexpected inputs to a software program to uncover vulnerabilities. It complements automated methods by allowing testers to apply their intuition and creativity to explore potential weaknesses. Manual fuzz testing is useful for exploratory testing, edge cases, input validation, user and system interaction. While it may not offer the same coverage as automated fuzzing, it benefits from human judgment. Proper training and expertise are crucial for effective manual fuzz testing, which helps identify vulnerabilities and improve software security and reliability.

200. What do you mean by Baseline Testing and Benchmark testing?

Baseline Testing:

Baseline testing refers to the initial round of testing performed on a software system or application to establish a reference point or baseline. It involves executing a set of predefined tests on a stable version of the software to capture its performance, functionality, and behavior. Baseline testing serves as a starting point for future testing activities, allowing comparisons to be made between subsequent versions or releases of the software. It helps identify any deviations or changes from the established baseline, enabling effective tracking of software quality and progress over time.

Benchmark Testing:

Benchmark testing involves comparing the performance or capabilities of a software system or component against established benchmarks or standards. It measures and evaluates the system's performance metrics, such as speed, efficiency, throughput, response time, or resource utilization, in order to gauge its relative performance and identify areas for improvement. Benchmark testing helps determine how well the system performs under specific conditions and how it stacks up against industry standards or competitors. The results obtained from benchmark testing serve as a reference point for assessing and optimizing system performance, making informed decisions, and setting performance goals for future iterations or enhancements.

201. What are the different types of testing tools and when do you use them?

There are various types of testing tools available, and each serves a specific purpose in the software testing life cycle. Here are some common types of testing tools and when to use them:

• Test management tools: Tools for test management aid in managing the testing process, from planning to execution and reporting. These tools enable testers to monitor and track test results, manage test cases, and produce reports on testing progress. They are utilized throughout the software testing life cycle.
• Test automation tools: Test automation technologies automate the execution of test cases, saving time and effort on repeated operations. These technologies can also assist in improving test coverage and lowering the risk of human mistake. They are commonly used for regression, load, and performance testing.
• Performance testing tools: Performance testing tools aid in measuring a system's performance under varied load circumstances. These tools may replicate real-world scenarios and determine the reaction speed, scalability, and reliability of the system. They are most commonly employed during the performance testing phase of the software testing life cycle.
• Code analysis tools: The use of code analysis tools makes it easier to find faults with the code, such as grammatical mistakes, code duplication, and poor code quality. Such tools may be helpful in improving overall code quality and lowering the probability of problems. During the entire process of developing software, they are frequently used.
• Debugging tools: The detection of code issues including syntax mistakes, code duplication, and code quality concerns is made easier with the use of code analysis tools. Such tools may be helpful in improving overall code quality and lowering the probability of problems. All phases of the software development life cycle frequently make use of them.

Conclusion

Including manual testing in a test strategy is highly recommended for quality assurance teams, as it provides valuable insights from the end user's perspective. Manual testing, performed by human testers without automation frameworks, offers a powerful means of evaluating software based on a crucial metric: customer/user experience. While the agile software development process emphasizes automation, manual testing remains essential. A well-rounded candidate proficient in both manual and automation testing can greatly support QAs in efficiently conducting necessary tests. By adequately preparing for a manual testing interview, candidates can impress hiring managers and progress to the next stage of the hiring process.

To help job seekers at different stages of their careers, we've developed a comprehensive list of frequently asked manual testing interview questions. This resource provides an overview of manual testing concepts and presents over 50 relevant questions. Candidates are advised to have a solid understanding of these concepts and the ability to articulate their ideas clearly and convincingly. By diligently preparing using this resource, candidates can enhance their chances of success in future endeavors. Best of luck with your interview and your future career in manual testing!