Tutorial On Handling Keyboard Actions In Selenium WebDriver [With Example]

Himanshu Sheth

Posted On: March 3, 2021

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Tutorial On Handling Keyboard Actions In Selenium WebDriver [With Example]

During the course of automated cross browser testing, you might come across scenarios that may not have been thought about during the product development phase. For example, when using Selenium automation testing, you could open a new browser tab instead of a new browser instance. Implementing that change would need proper usage of Keyboard Actions in Selenium WebDriver. This will also depend on whether the browser on which testing is performed and whether the Selenium WebDriver for the corresponding browser supports those functionalities.

A common Selenium testing scenario is entering information in a text-box by passing a combination of keys to the Selenium WebDriver. This can be achieved using the send_keys() API in Selenium which can be termed a Simple Keyboard interaction. Advanced keyboard events in Selenium automation testing are handled using Advanced User Interactions API. Using those APIs, you can perform the following:

Invoke keyboard interactions by passing key combinations to the Selenium WebDriver, e.g., CTRL + SHIFT, CTRL + A, etc.
Invoke typical keyboard-related interactions, e.g., Key Up, Key Down, etc.
Invoke actions on the browser instance using Function (F) keys, e.g., F5 to refresh the current browser page, etc.

Keyboard Actions in Selenium WebDriver are handled using the Actions class. In our previous blogs on Selenium automation testing, we have already highlighted the key challenges & vital tips in Selenium automation that can be used to handle automated Selenium testing scenarios. To get detailed information about the Selenium WebDriver building blocks and its detailed architecture, please refer to our earlier blogs where those aspects are explained in depth.

Before we have a detailed look at Keyboard Actions in Selenium WebDriver, it is required that you download the Selenium WebDriver for the browser on which testing is performed.

Starting your journey with Selenium WebDriver? Check out this step-by-step guide to perform Automation testing using Selenium WebDriver.

Browser	Download location
Opera	https://github.com/operasoftware/operachromiumdriver/releases
Firefox	https://github.com/mozilla/geckodriver/releases
Chrome	http://chromedriver.chromium.org/downloads
Internet Explorer	https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/selenium/wiki/InternetExplorerDriver
Microsoft Edge	https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-edge/tools/webdriver/

Keyboard actions in Selenium using Actions Class

Action Class in Selenium is used for low-level interactive automation involving input devices like keyboard, mouse, etc. When using Selenium automation testing, it is recommended that Actions Class is used rather than using the input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse) directly. Before an interaction is performed with the web element, the element should be a part of the DOM; else, the interaction might not be successful.

Watch this video to learn what the Actions Class is in Selenium and how to use it.

Some of the commonly used keyboard actions are KeyUp, KeyDown, and sendKeys(). Keyboard actions can also be used in combination with Mouse actions, e.g., Mouse Hover to a particular menu on the page and perform a combination of KeyUp & KeyDown on that menu. To perform keyboard actions in Selenium WebDriver, the Selenium ActionChains/Actions class should be imported into the source code.

Shown below is the definition of Selenium ActionChains class:

class selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains(driver)
    driver   - WebDriver instance which performs the user actions.

1 2	class selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains.ActionChains(driver) driver - WebDriver instance which performs the user actions.

Since the Selenium ActionChains class is used to automate low-level mouse & keyboard interactions, it needs to queue the corresponding requests and execute those requests on a priority basis. For that purpose, the methods defined for actions on the ActionChains object are queued in the ActionChains object. For example, to refresh contents of the webpage, you can make use of the combination of (KeyUp + KeyDown) actions along with (CONTROL + F5) keys. The sample implementation is shown below.

    ActionChains(driver) \
        .key_down(Keys.CONTROL) \
        .send_keys(Keys.F5) \
        .key_up(Keys.CONTROL) \
        .perform()

ActionChains(driver) \

.key_down(Keys.CONTROL) \

.send_keys(Keys.F5) \

.key_up(Keys.CONTROL) \

.perform()

As seen in the snippet shown above, the actions are queued in the ActionChains object and a perform() is finally used to fire the actions that were queued in the object. A chain-based approach can also be used instead of a queue-based approach. Irrespective of the approach being used, the actions are fired in the order in which they were queued (like a FIFO).

Commonly used Keyboard events

Keyboard events can be used appropriately when Selenium is performed on the test web page/web application. Shown below are some of the commonly used keyboard events provided by the ActionChains class:

Action	Arguments	Description
send_keys(*keys_to_send)	keys_to_send – The keys to send. Modifier keys constants can be found in the Keys class.	Send keys to the element that is currently in focus.
key_down(value, element=None)	value – Modifier key to send. element – It is an optional argument. It represents the element on which keys need to be sent. If it is not specified, i.e., None, the key is sent to the currently focused element.	Sends a key press without performing the release. It should only be used with modifier keys like Control, Alt, and Shift.
key_up(value, element=None)	value – Modifier key to send. element – It is an optional argument. It represents the element on which keys need to be sent. If it is not specified, i.e., None, the key is sent to the currently focused element.	Releases a key. It should only be used with modifier keys like Control, Alt, and Shift.
perform	None	Perform the chain of actions stored in the ActionChains object

To use ActionChains for performing keyboard actions in Selenium WebDriver, you need to first import the ActionChains module.

ActionChains

Keyboard Actions – Demonstration

Now that we have looked at the basics of Keyboard actions, ActionChains class, and operations that can be performed using the keyboard, let’s look at examples that demonstrate its usage.

Keyboard Actions (send_keys)

To demonstrate Keyboard actions in Selenium automation testing, we use a simple example where search term, e.g., LambdaTest, is passed to the DuckDuckGo search engine. The inspect tool in Chrome (browser on which testing is performed) is used to get details about the web element.

Keyboard Actions

Once the details of the web element, i.e., search_form_input_homepage in the DuckDuckGo web page, are identified, we make use of the send_keys action to input the search term. For simplification, we have not used Selenium WebDriverWait that ensures the loading of web elements with ID seach_form_input_homepage is completed before the subsequent set of operations can be executed.

FileName – 1-send_keys-example.py

# Demonstration of send_keys using search on DuckDuckGo
     
    import unittest
    from selenium import webdriver
    import time
    from time import sleep
     
    # Import the ActionChains class
    from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
     
    class SeachTest(unittest.TestCase):
        def setUp(self):
            # Creation of Opera WebDriver instance
            self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
     
        def test_Search(self):
            driver = self.driver
            driver.maximize_window()
            driver.get("https://duckduckgo.com/")
     
            # Send search keyboard to the Text Box element on DuckDuckGo
     
            driver.find_element_by_id("search_form_input_homepage")
            ActionChains(driver) \
                .send_keys("Lambdatest") \
                .perform()
     
            sleep(5)
     
        def tearDown(self):
            # Close the browser.
            self.driver.close()
     
    if __name__ == '__main__':
        unittest.main()

# Demonstration of send_keys using search on DuckDuckGo

import unittest

from selenium import webdriver

import time

from time import sleep

# Import the ActionChains class

from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains

class SeachTest(unittest.TestCase):

def setUp(self):

# Creation of Opera WebDriver instance

self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()

def test_Search(self):

driver = self.driver

driver.maximize_window()

driver.get("https://duckduckgo.com/")

# Send search keyboard to the Text Box element on DuckDuckGo

driver.find_element_by_id("search_form_input_homepage")

ActionChains(driver) \

.send_keys("Lambdatest") \

.perform()

sleep(5)

def tearDown(self):

# Close the browser.

self.driver.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':

unittest.main()

To execute the code, use the command python <file-name.py> on the shell/terminal.The standard pytest test framework is used for demonstration where the operations for initialization & de-initialization being performed in setUp() & tearDown() methods. As shown in the example, send_keys action (with input-value = LambdaTest) is performed on the search box (ID = search_form_input_homepage). Since send_keys is the only action that has to be queued in the ActionChains object, perform action is fired after the same.

Keyboard Actions (key_up & key_down)

To demonstrate the usage of key_down and key_up actions, we perform a button click on LambdaTest homepage where the link-text is ‘Start Free Testing’. The Keyboard Actions in Selenium WebDriver, which are used in this particular scenario, are key_down & key_up along with .click() on the matching web element.

To start with, we use the Inspect Tool to get the XPATH of the web element with the text ‘Start Free Testing’ on the LambdaTest homepage.

LambdaTest homepage

Once we have located the element, the next step in this usecase that demonstrates Selenium testing is to perform CONTROL + CLICK on ‘Start Free Testing’ button so that the LambdaTest Dashboard opens in a new tab. Using the switch_to.window() method with the window handle of the newly opened tab, we switch the focus to that window.

FileName – 2-key-up-example.py

import time
    from time import sleep
    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
     
    from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
    from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
     
    # XPATH of the button with link text = Start Free Testing
    sign_up_xpath = "//*[@id='bs-example-navbar-collapse-1']/ul/li[7]/a"
     
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    driver.maximize_window()
    driver.get('http://lambdatest.com')
     
    delay = 5 # Delay in seconds
     
    try:
        myElem = WebDriverWait(driver, delay).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, sign_up_xpath)))
        print("LambdaTest page is loaded")
    except TimeoutException:
        print("[Error] - TimeOut occured")
        driver.quit()
     
    element = driver.find_element_by_link_text('Start Free Testing')
     
    ActionChains(driver) \
        .key_down(Keys.CONTROL) \
        .click(element) \
        .key_up(Keys.CONTROL) \
        .perform()
     
    child_window = driver.window_handles[1]
            
    #The Parent window will go in the background
    #Child window comes to Foreground
    driver.switch_to.window(child_window)
    title2 = driver.title
    print(title2)
     
    time.sleep(5) # Pause to allow you to inspect the browser.
     
    driver.quit()

import time

from time import sleep

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait

from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException

# XPATH of the button with link text = Start Free Testing

sign_up_xpath = "//*[@id='bs-example-navbar-collapse-1']/ul/li[7]/a"

driver = webdriver.Chrome()

driver.maximize_window()

driver.get('http://lambdatest.com')

delay = 5 # Delay in seconds

try:

myElem = WebDriverWait(driver, delay).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, sign_up_xpath)))

print("LambdaTest page is loaded")

except TimeoutException:

print("[Error] - TimeOut occured")

driver.quit()

element = driver.find_element_by_link_text('Start Free Testing')

ActionChains(driver) \

.key_down(Keys.CONTROL) \

.click(element) \

.key_up(Keys.CONTROL) \

.perform()

child_window = driver.window_handles[1]

#The Parent window will go in the background

#Child window comes to Foreground

driver.switch_to.window(child_window)

title2 = driver.title

print(title2)

time.sleep(5) # Pause to allow you to inspect the browser.

driver.quit()

Once the webpage is loaded, we search for the element with the link text as ‘Start Free Testing’

element = driver.find_element_by_link_text('Start Free Testing')

1	element = driver.find_element_by_link_text('Start Free Testing')

Next step is to add necessary actions to the ActionChains object. In this scenario, the actions that are queued to the ActionChains object are:

key_down(keys.CONTROL)
.click(element)
key_up(keys.CONTROL)

The intention of these combination of actions is to perform CONTROL + CLICK on the button with the matching link-text. The .perform() method is fired to execute these actions.

    ActionChains(driver) \
        .key_down(Keys.CONTROL) \
        .click(element) \
        .key_up(Keys.CONTROL) \
        .perform()

ActionChains(driver) \

.key_down(Keys.CONTROL) \

.click(element) \

.key_up(Keys.CONTROL) \

.perform()

For more information about window_handles and switch_to.window(), please refer to the blog where we have discussed tips & tricks for Selenium automation testing.

Keyboard Actions in Selenium WebDriver on the Cloud

Selenium testing on local Selenium Grid can be useful and scalable as long as the local setup covers all the combinations of web browsers, operating systems, and devices. However, the setup can turn out to be extensive in case automated cross browser testing has to be performed on a huge number of combinations. Cross browser testing on the cloud can be more efficient and scalable in such cases as minimal code changes are required to make it work with the remote Selenium Grid. Tests can also be executed at a faster pace by utilizing the power of parallel execution/parallelism on the automated cross browser testing platform.

LambdaTest is one such platform through which you can perform live cross interactive browser testing on 3000+ real browsers and operating systems online. The implementation used for Selenium automation testing and Python can be ported to their setup with minimal code changes. LambdaTest also supports development using major programming languages like Python, C#, Java, Ruby on Rails, etc.

Since we would be demonstrating keyboard actions in Selenium WebDriver on the LambdaTest platform, it is important to keep a track of the status of Automation tests. We port the Selenium testing example to the LambdaTest platform, and the desired browser capabilities are generated using the LambdaTest capabilities generator.

FileName – 3-LT-key-up-example.py

    # Porting Keyboard interactions example to LambdaTest Cloud
     
    import time
    from time import sleep
    from selenium import webdriver
    from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains
    from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys
     
    from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
    from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
    from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
    from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException
    import urllib3
    import warnings
     
    # Changes for porting to the LambdaTest cloud
     
    #Set capabilities for testing on Chrome
    browser_capabilities = {
        "build" : "Keyboard interactions on Chrome",
        "name" : "Keyboard interactions on Chrome",
        "platform" : "Windows 10",
        "browserName" : "Chrome",
        "version" : "76.0",
    }
    #End - Set capabilities for testing on Chrome
     
    # Get details from https://accounts.lambdatest.com/profile
    user_name = "user-name@gmail.com"
    app_key = "app-token"
     
    urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)
    remote_url = "https://" + user_name + ":" + app_key + "@hub.lambdatest.com/wd/hub"
     
    # XPATH of the button with link text = Start Free Testing
    sign_up_xpath = "//*[@id='bs-example-navbar-collapse-1']/ul/li[7]/a"
     
    # Local Selenium Grid
    # driver = webdriver.Chrome()
     
    # Remote Selenium Grid being used for cross browser testing
    driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=remote_url, desired_capabilities=browser_capabilities)
     
    driver.maximize_window()
    driver.get('http://lambdatest.com')
     
    delay = 5 # Delay in seconds
     
    try:
        myElem = WebDriverWait(driver, delay).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, sign_up_xpath)))
        print("LambdaTest page is loaded")
    except TimeoutException:
        print("[Error] - TimeOut occured")
        driver.quit()
     
    element = driver.find_element_by_link_text('Start Free Testing')
     
    ActionChains(driver) \
        .key_down(Keys.CONTROL) \
        .click(element) \
        .key_up(Keys.CONTROL) \
        .perform()
     
    child_window = driver.window_handles[1]
            
    #The Parent window will go in the background
    #Child window comes to Foreground
    driver.switch_to.window(child_window)
    title2 = driver.title
    print(title2)
     
    time.sleep(5) # Pause to allow you to inspect the browser.
     
    driver.quit()

# Porting Keyboard interactions example to LambdaTest Cloud

import time

from time import sleep

from selenium import webdriver

from selenium.webdriver.common.action_chains import ActionChains

from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait

from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

from selenium.common.exceptions import TimeoutException

import urllib3

import warnings

# Changes for porting to the LambdaTest cloud

#Set capabilities for testing on Chrome

browser_capabilities = {

"build" : "Keyboard interactions on Chrome",

"name" : "Keyboard interactions on Chrome",

"platform" : "Windows 10",

"browserName" : "Chrome",

"version" : "76.0",

}

#End - Set capabilities for testing on Chrome

# Get details from https://accounts.lambdatest.com/profile

user_name = "user-name@gmail.com"

app_key = "app-token"

urllib3.disable_warnings(urllib3.exceptions.InsecureRequestWarning)

remote_url = "https://" + user_name + ":" + app_key + "@hub.lambdatest.com/wd/hub"

# XPATH of the button with link text = Start Free Testing

sign_up_xpath = "//*[@id='bs-example-navbar-collapse-1']/ul/li[7]/a"

# Local Selenium Grid

# driver = webdriver.Chrome()

# Remote Selenium Grid being used for cross browser testing

driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=remote_url, desired_capabilities=browser_capabilities)

driver.maximize_window()

driver.get('http://lambdatest.com')

delay = 5 # Delay in seconds

try:

myElem = WebDriverWait(driver, delay).until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.XPATH, sign_up_xpath)))

print("LambdaTest page is loaded")

except TimeoutException:

print("[Error] - TimeOut occured")

driver.quit()

element = driver.find_element_by_link_text('Start Free Testing')

ActionChains(driver) \

.key_down(Keys.CONTROL) \

.click(element) \

.key_up(Keys.CONTROL) \

.perform()

child_window = driver.window_handles[1]

#The Parent window will go in the background

#Child window comes to Foreground

driver.switch_to.window(child_window)

title2 = driver.title

print(title2)

time.sleep(5) # Pause to allow you to inspect the browser.

driver.quit()

Let us do a code walkthrough of the implementation that demonstrates keyboard actions in Selenium WebDriver on the LambdaTest infrastructure. Selenium testing is performed on the Chrome browser (version 76.0) that is installed on Windows 10. The combination of user-name and access token (which can be obtained from the LambdaTest account profile page) are passed to the remote URL on which the test will be performed.

remote_url = "https://" + user_name + ":" + app_key + "@hub.lambdatest.com/wd/hub"

1	remote_url = "https://" + user_name + ":" + app_key + "@hub.lambdatest.com/wd/hub"

The execution is performed on the Remote Selenium Grid on LambdaTest and combination of remote-url & desired browser capabilities is passed to the Selenium WebDriver.

    # Remote Selenium Grid being used for cross browser testing
    driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=remote_url, desired_capabilities=browser_capabilities)

1 2	# Remote Selenium Grid being used for cross browser testing driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=remote_url, desired_capabilities=browser_capabilities)

The execution is done in a similar manner, the only difference being that the test is now executed on LambdaTest’s remote Selenium grid setup. Every test is identified by a test-id, and each build has a unique build-id. To check the status of the test, you should visit https://automation.lambdatest.com/logs/?testID=<test-id>&build=<build-id> where <test-id> & <build-id> should be replaced with the corresponding ids. Test status can be Error, TimeOut, or Completed. As seen in the screenshot below, the test was successfully executed, and the end status was Completed.

Selenium grid

Conclusion

In Selenium testing with Python, low level keyboard interactions like key up, key down, send_keys are automated using the ActionChains object. Depending on the usecase, the necessary actions are queued to the ActionChains object. The actions are executed in the sequence in which they were received i.e. like a FIFO (First In First Out). Keyboard actions in Selenium WebDriver are frequently used when Selenium automation testing is performed. .pause() method can be added to the actions in the ActionChains object if a delay is required between subsequent actions. Selenium testing on local Selenium Grid can have limitations in terms of test coverage since test suites/test cases cannot be executed on different combinations of devices, operating systems, and web browsers. In such a scenario, test code that uses keyboard actions in Selenium WebDriver can be ported to LambdaTest’s remote Selenium Grid. With minimal porting changes in the Selenium testing code, you can achieve better results using Selenium automation testing executed on a scalable & efficient Selenium Grid.

Also,If you’re new to Selenium and wondering what it is then we recommend checking out our guide – What is Selenium Grid?

Frequently Asked Questions

What is action and actions in selenium WebDriver?

Action is an Interface that represents a single user-interaction action. Action interface helps you to build multiple action items for one screen model.

Whereas Actions is a Class that extends the Object class. Actions class (constructor) is a class that contains a builder design pattern that builds composite actions by aggregating Selenium WebDriver and Local Driver contexts.

Himanshu Sheth

Himanshu Sheth is a seasoned technologist and blogger with more than 15+ years of diverse working experience. He currently works as the ‘Lead Developer Evangelist’ and ‘Senior Manager [Technical Content Marketing]’ at LambdaTest. He is very active with the startup community in Bengaluru (and down South) and loves interacting with passionate founders on his personal blog (which he has been maintaining since last 15+ years).

See author's profile

Author’s Profile

Himanshu Sheth

Himanshu Sheth is a seasoned technologist and blogger with more than 15+ years of diverse working experience. He currently works as the 'Lead Developer Evangelist' and 'Senior Manager [Technical Content Marketing]' at LambdaTest. He is very active with the startup community in Bengaluru (and down South) and loves interacting with passionate founders on his personal blog (which he has been maintaining since last 15+ years).

Blogs: 128

Got Questions? Drop them on LambdaTest Community. Visit now

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