How to use Swap method of main Package

Best Toxiproxy code snippet using main.Swap

swap.go

Source:swap.go Github

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...18 "github.com/bcskill/eth-main-side-swap/common"19 "github.com/bcskill/eth-main-side-swap/model"20 "github.com/bcskill/eth-main-side-swap/util"21)22// NewSwapEngine returns the swapEngine instance23func NewSwapEngine(db *gorm.DB, cfg *util.Config, sideClient, mainClient *ethclient.Client) (*SwapEngine, error) {24 pairs := make([]model.SwapPair, 0)25 db.Find(&pairs)26 swapPairInstances, err := buildSwapPairInstance(pairs)27 if err != nil {28 return nil, err29 }30 sideContractAddrToMainContractAddr := make(map[ethcom.Address]ethcom.Address)31 mainContractAddrToSideContractAddr := make(map[ethcom.Address]ethcom.Address)32 for _, token := range pairs {33 mainContractAddrToSideContractAddr[ethcom.HexToAddress(token.MainChainErc20Addr)] = ethcom.HexToAddress(token.SideChainErc20Addr)34 sideContractAddrToMainContractAddr[ethcom.HexToAddress(token.SideChainErc20Addr)] = ethcom.HexToAddress(token.MainChainErc20Addr)35 }36 keyConfig, err := GetKeyConfig(cfg)37 if err != nil {38 return nil, err39 }40 sidePrivateKey, _, err := BuildKeys(keyConfig.SidePrivateKey)41 if err != nil {42 return nil, err43 }44 mainPrivateKey, _, err := BuildKeys(keyConfig.MainPrivateKey)45 if err != nil {46 return nil, err47 }48 sideChainID, err := sideClient.ChainID(context.Background())49 if err != nil {50 return nil, err51 }52 mainChainID, err := mainClient.ChainID(context.Background())53 if err != nil {54 return nil, err55 }56 MainSwapAgentABI, err := abi.JSON(strings.NewReader(sabi.MainSwapAgentABI))57 if err != nil {58 return nil, err59 }60 SideSwapAgentABI, err := abi.JSON(strings.NewReader(sabi.SideSwapAgentABI))61 if err != nil {62 return nil, err63 }64 swapEngine := &SwapEngine{65 db: db,66 config: cfg,67 hmacCKey: keyConfig.HMACKey,68 mainPrivateKey: mainPrivateKey,69 sidePrivateKey: sidePrivateKey,70 sideClient: sideClient,71 mainClient: mainClient,72 sideChainID: sideChainID.Int64(),73 mainChainID: mainChainID.Int64(),74 swapPairsFromERC20Addr: swapPairInstances,75 side20ToMain20: sideContractAddrToMainContractAddr,76 main20ToSide20: mainContractAddrToSideContractAddr,77 mainSwapAgentABI: &MainSwapAgentABI,78 sideSwapAgentABI: &SideSwapAgentABI,79 mainSwapAgent: ethcom.HexToAddress(cfg.ChainConfig.MainSwapAgentAddr),80 sideSwapAgent: ethcom.HexToAddress(cfg.ChainConfig.SideSwapAgentAddr),81 }82 return swapEngine, nil83}84func (engine *SwapEngine) Start() {85 go engine.monitorSwapRequestDaemon()86 go engine.confirmSwapRequestDaemon()87 go engine.swapInstanceDaemon(SwapMain2Side)88 go engine.swapInstanceDaemon(SwapSide2Main)89 go engine.trackSwapTxDaemon()90 go engine.retryFailedSwapsDaemon()91 go engine.trackRetrySwapTxDaemon()92}93func (engine *SwapEngine) monitorSwapRequestDaemon() {94 for {95 swapStartTxLogs := make([]model.SwapStartTxLog, 0)96 engine.db.Where("phase = ?", model.SeenRequest).Order("height asc").Limit(BatchSize).Find(&swapStartTxLogs)97 if len(swapStartTxLogs) == 0 {98 time.Sleep(SleepTime * time.Second)99 continue100 }101 for _, swapEventLog := range swapStartTxLogs {102 swap := engine.createSwap(&swapEventLog)103 writeDBErr := func() error {104 tx := engine.db.Begin()105 if err := tx.Error; err != nil {106 return err107 }108 if err := engine.insertSwap(tx, swap); err != nil {109 tx.Rollback()110 return err111 }112 tx.Model(model.SwapStartTxLog{}).Where("tx_hash = ?", swap.StartTxHash).Updates(113 map[string]interface{}{114 "phase": model.ConfirmRequest,115 "update_time": time.Now().Unix(),116 })117 return tx.Commit().Error118 }()119 if writeDBErr != nil {120 util.Logger.Errorf("write db error: %s", writeDBErr.Error())121 util.SendTelegramMessage(fmt.Sprintf("write db error: %s", writeDBErr.Error()))122 }123 }124 }125}126func (engine *SwapEngine) getSwapHMAC(swap *model.Swap) string {127 material := fmt.Sprintf("%s#%s#%s#%s#%s#%s#%s#%d#%s#%s#%s",128 swap.Status, swap.Sponsor, swap.SourceChainErc20Addr, swap.TargetChainErc20Addr, swap.TargetChainToAddr, swap.Symbol, swap.Amount, swap.Decimals, swap.Direction, swap.StartTxHash, swap.FillTxHash)129 mac := hmac.New(sha256.New, []byte(engine.hmacCKey))130 mac.Write([]byte(material))131 return hex.EncodeToString(mac.Sum(nil))132}133func (engine *SwapEngine) verifySwap(swap *model.Swap) bool {134 return swap.RecordHash == engine.getSwapHMAC(swap)135}136func (engine *SwapEngine) insertSwap(tx *gorm.DB, swap *model.Swap) error {137 swap.RecordHash = engine.getSwapHMAC(swap)138 return tx.Create(swap).Error139}140func (engine *SwapEngine) updateSwap(tx *gorm.DB, swap *model.Swap) {141 swap.RecordHash = engine.getSwapHMAC(swap)142 tx.Save(swap)143}144func (engine *SwapEngine) createSwap(txEventLog *model.SwapStartTxLog) *model.Swap {145 sponsor := txEventLog.Sponsor146 amount := txEventLog.Amount147 swapStartTxHash := txEventLog.TxHash148 swapDirection := SwapMain2Side149 if txEventLog.Chain == common.ChainSide {150 swapDirection = SwapSide2Main151 }152 var mainSourceErc20Addr ethcom.Address153 var sideSourceErc20Addr ethcom.Address154 var targetChainErc20Addr ethcom.Address155 var ok bool156 decimals := 0157 var symbol string158 swapStatus := SwapQuoteRejected159 err := func() error {160 if txEventLog.Chain == common.ChainMain {161 mainSourceErc20Addr = ethcom.HexToAddress(txEventLog.SourceChainErc20Addr)162 if sideSourceErc20Addr, ok = engine.main20ToSide20[ethcom.HexToAddress(txEventLog.SourceChainErc20Addr)]; !ok {163 return fmt.Errorf("unsupported main token contract address: %s", txEventLog.SourceChainErc20Addr)164 }165 targetChainErc20Addr = sideSourceErc20Addr166 } else {167 sideSourceErc20Addr = ethcom.HexToAddress(txEventLog.SourceChainErc20Addr)168 if mainSourceErc20Addr, ok = engine.side20ToMain20[ethcom.HexToAddress(txEventLog.SourceChainErc20Addr)]; !ok {169 return fmt.Errorf("unsupported side token contract address: %s", txEventLog.SourceChainErc20Addr)170 }171 targetChainErc20Addr = mainSourceErc20Addr172 }173 pairInstance, err := engine.GetSwapPairInstance(mainSourceErc20Addr)174 if err != nil {175 return fmt.Errorf("failed to get swap pair for target erc20 %s, error %s", targetChainErc20Addr.String(), err.Error())176 }177 decimals = pairInstance.Decimals178 symbol = pairInstance.Symbol179 swapAmount := big.NewInt(0)180 _, ok = swapAmount.SetString(txEventLog.Amount, 10)181 if !ok {182 return fmt.Errorf("unrecongnized swap amount: %s", txEventLog.Amount)183 }184 if swapAmount.Cmp(pairInstance.LowBound) < 0 || swapAmount.Cmp(pairInstance.UpperBound) > 0 {185 return fmt.Errorf("swap amount is out of bound, expected bound [%s, %s]", pairInstance.LowBound.String(), pairInstance.UpperBound.String())186 }187 swapStatus = SwapTokenReceived188 return nil189 }()190 log := ""191 if err != nil {192 log = err.Error()193 }194 swap := &model.Swap{195 Status: swapStatus,196 Sponsor: sponsor,197 SourceChainErc20Addr: ethcom.HexToAddress(txEventLog.SourceChainErc20Addr).String(),198 TargetChainErc20Addr: targetChainErc20Addr.String(),199 TargetChainToAddr: ethcom.HexToAddress(txEventLog.TargetChainToAddr).String(),200 Symbol: symbol,201 Amount: amount,202 Decimals: decimals,203 Direction: swapDirection,204 StartTxHash: swapStartTxHash,205 FillTxHash: "",206 Log: log,207 }208 return swap209}210func (engine *SwapEngine) confirmSwapRequestDaemon() {211 for {212 txEventLogs := make([]model.SwapStartTxLog, 0)213 engine.db.Where("status = ? and phase = ?", model.TxStatusConfirmed, model.ConfirmRequest).214 Order("height asc").Limit(BatchSize).Find(&txEventLogs)215 if len(txEventLogs) == 0 {216 time.Sleep(SleepTime * time.Second)217 continue218 }219 util.Logger.Debugf("found %d confirmed event logs", len(txEventLogs))220 for _, txEventLog := range txEventLogs {221 writeDBErr := func() error {222 tx := engine.db.Begin()223 if err := tx.Error; err != nil {224 return err225 }226 swap, err := engine.getSwapByStartTxHash(tx, txEventLog.TxHash)227 if err != nil {228 util.Logger.Errorf("verify hmac of swap failed: %s", txEventLog.TxHash)229 util.SendTelegramMessage(fmt.Sprintf("Urgent alert: verify hmac of swap failed: %s", txEventLog.TxHash))230 return err231 }232 if swap.Status == SwapTokenReceived {233 swap.Status = SwapConfirmed234 engine.updateSwap(tx, swap)235 }236 tx.Model(model.SwapStartTxLog{}).Where("id = ?", txEventLog.Id).Updates(237 map[string]interface{}{238 "phase": model.AckRequest,239 "update_time": time.Now().Unix(),240 })241 return tx.Commit().Error242 }()243 if writeDBErr != nil {244 util.Logger.Errorf("write db error: %s", writeDBErr.Error())245 util.SendTelegramMessage(fmt.Sprintf("write db error: %s", writeDBErr.Error()))246 }247 }248 }249}250func (engine *SwapEngine) swapInstanceDaemon(direction common.SwapDirection) {251 util.Logger.Infof("start swap daemon, direction %s", direction)252 for {253 swaps := make([]model.Swap, 0)254 engine.db.Where("status in (?) and direction = ?", []common.SwapStatus{SwapConfirmed, SwapSending}, direction).Order("id asc").Limit(BatchSize).Find(&swaps)255 if len(swaps) == 0 {256 time.Sleep(SwapSleepSecond * time.Second)257 continue258 }259 util.Logger.Debugf("found %d confirmed swap requests", len(swaps))260 for _, swap := range swaps {261 var swapPairInstance *SwapPairIns262 var mainSourceErc20Addr ethcom.Address263 var err error264 retryCheckErr := func() error {265 if !engine.verifySwap(&swap) {266 return fmt.Errorf("verify hmac of swap failed: %s", swap.StartTxHash)267 }268 if swap.Direction == SwapMain2Side {269 mainSourceErc20Addr = ethcom.HexToAddress(swap.SourceChainErc20Addr)270 } else {271 mainSourceErc20Addr = ethcom.HexToAddress(swap.TargetChainErc20Addr)272 }273 swapPairInstance, err = engine.GetSwapPairInstance(mainSourceErc20Addr)274 if err != nil {275 return fmt.Errorf("swap instance for target erc20 %s doesn't exist, skip this swap", swap.TargetChainErc20Addr)276 }277 return nil278 }()279 if retryCheckErr != nil {280 writeDBErr := func() error {281 tx := engine.db.Begin()282 if err := tx.Error; err != nil {283 return err284 }285 swap.Status = SwapQuoteRejected286 swap.Log = retryCheckErr.Error()287 engine.updateSwap(tx, &swap)288 return tx.Commit().Error289 }()290 if writeDBErr != nil {291 util.Logger.Errorf("write db error: %s", writeDBErr.Error())292 util.SendTelegramMessage(fmt.Sprintf("write db error: %s", writeDBErr.Error()))293 }294 continue295 }296 skip, writeDBErr := func() (bool, error) {297 isSkip := false298 tx := engine.db.Begin()299 if err := tx.Error; err != nil {300 return false, err301 }302 if swap.Status == SwapSending {303 var swapTx model.SwapFillTx304 engine.db.Where("start_swap_tx_hash = ?", swap.StartTxHash).First(&swapTx)305 if swapTx.FillSwapTxHash == "" {306 util.Logger.Infof("retry swap, start tx hash %s, symbol %s, amount %s, direction %s",307 swap.StartTxHash, swap.Symbol, swap.Amount, swap.Direction)308 swap.Status = SwapConfirmed309 engine.updateSwap(tx, &swap)310 } else {311 util.Logger.Infof("swap tx is built successfully, but the swap tx status is uncertain, just mark the swap and swap tx status as sent, swap ID %d", swap.ID)312 tx.Model(model.SwapFillTx{}).Where("fill_swap_tx_hash = ?", swapTx.FillSwapTxHash).Updates(313 map[string]interface{}{314 "status": model.FillTxSent,315 "updated_at": time.Now().Unix(),316 })317 swap.Status = SwapSent318 swap.FillTxHash = swapTx.FillSwapTxHash319 engine.updateSwap(tx, &swap)320 isSkip = true321 }322 } else {323 swap.Status = SwapSending324 engine.updateSwap(tx, &swap)325 }326 return isSkip, tx.Commit().Error327 }()328 if writeDBErr != nil {329 util.Logger.Errorf("write db error: %s", writeDBErr.Error())330 util.SendTelegramMessage(fmt.Sprintf("write db error: %s", writeDBErr.Error()))331 continue332 }333 if skip {334 util.Logger.Debugf("skip this swap, start tx hash %s", swap.StartTxHash)335 continue336 }337 util.Logger.Infof("Swap token direction %s, sponsor: %s, SourceChainErc20Addr: %s, TargetChainErc20Addr: %s, TargetChainToAddr: %s, amount %s, decimals %d", direction, swap.Sponsor, swap.SourceChainErc20Addr, swap.TargetChainErc20Addr, swap.TargetChainToAddr, swap.Amount, swap.Decimals)338 swapTx, swapErr := engine.doSwap(&swap, swapPairInstance)339 writeDBErr = func() error {340 tx := engine.db.Begin()341 if err := tx.Error; err != nil {342 return err343 }344 if swapErr != nil {345 util.Logger.Errorf("do swap failed: %s, start hash %s", swapErr.Error(), swap.StartTxHash)346 util.SendTelegramMessage(fmt.Sprintf("do swap failed: %s, start hash %s", swapErr.Error(), swap.StartTxHash))347 if swapErr.Error() == core.ErrReplaceUnderpriced.Error() {348 //delete the fill swap tx349 tx.Where("fill_swap_tx_hash = ?", swapTx.FillSwapTxHash).Delete(model.SwapFillTx{})350 // retry this swap351 swap.Status = SwapConfirmed352 swap.Log = fmt.Sprintf("do swap failure: %s", swapErr.Error())353 engine.updateSwap(tx, &swap)354 } else {355 fillTxHash := ""356 if swapTx != nil {357 tx.Model(model.SwapFillTx{}).Where("fill_swap_tx_hash = ?", swapTx.FillSwapTxHash).Updates(358 map[string]interface{}{359 "status": model.FillTxFailed,360 "updated_at": time.Now().Unix(),361 })362 fillTxHash = swapTx.FillSwapTxHash363 }364 swap.Status = SwapSendFailed365 swap.FillTxHash = fillTxHash366 swap.Log = fmt.Sprintf("do swap failure: %s", swapErr.Error())367 engine.updateSwap(tx, &swap)368 }369 } else {370 tx.Model(model.SwapFillTx{}).Where("fill_swap_tx_hash = ?", swapTx.FillSwapTxHash).Updates(371 map[string]interface{}{372 "status": model.FillTxSent,373 "updated_at": time.Now().Unix(),374 })375 swap.Status = SwapSent376 swap.FillTxHash = swapTx.FillSwapTxHash377 engine.updateSwap(tx, &swap)378 }379 return tx.Commit().Error380 }()381 if writeDBErr != nil {382 util.Logger.Errorf("write db error: %s", writeDBErr.Error())383 util.SendTelegramMessage(fmt.Sprintf("write db error: %s", writeDBErr.Error()))384 }385 if swap.Direction == SwapMain2Side {386 time.Sleep(time.Duration(engine.config.ChainConfig.SideWaitMilliSecBetweenSwaps) * time.Millisecond)387 } else {388 time.Sleep(time.Duration(engine.config.ChainConfig.MainWaitMilliSecBetweenSwaps) * time.Millisecond)389 }390 }391 }392}393func (engine *SwapEngine) doSwap(swap *model.Swap, swapPairInstance *SwapPairIns) (*model.SwapFillTx, error) {394 amount := big.NewInt(0)395 _, ok := amount.SetString(swap.Amount, 10)396 if !ok {397 return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid swap amount: %s", swap.Amount)398 }399 if swap.Direction == SwapMain2Side {400 sideClientMutex.Lock()401 defer sideClientMutex.Unlock()402 data, err := abiEncodeFillMain2SideSwap(ethcom.HexToHash(swap.StartTxHash), ethcom.HexToAddress(swap.SourceChainErc20Addr), ethcom.HexToAddress(swap.TargetChainToAddr), amount, engine.sideSwapAgentABI)403 if err != nil {404 return nil, err405 }406 signedTx, err := buildSignedTransaction(engine.sideSwapAgent, engine.sideClient, data, engine.sidePrivateKey)407 if err != nil {408 return nil, err409 }410 block, err := engine.sideClient.BlockByNumber(context.Background(), nil)411 if err != nil {412 util.Logger.Debugf("Side, query block failed: %s", err.Error())413 return nil, err414 }415 swapTx := &model.SwapFillTx{416 Direction: SwapMain2Side,417 StartSwapTxHash: swap.StartTxHash,418 FillSwapTxHash: signedTx.Hash().String(),419 GasPrice: signedTx.GasPrice().String(),420 Status: model.FillTxCreated,421 TrackRetryHeight:block.Number().Int64(),422 }423 err = engine.insertSwapTxToDB(swapTx)424 if err != nil {425 return nil, err426 }427 err = engine.sideClient.SendTransaction(context.Background(), signedTx)428 if err != nil {429 util.Logger.Errorf("broadcast tx to Side error: %s", err.Error())430 return nil, err431 }432 util.Logger.Infof("Send transaction to Side, %s/%s", engine.config.ChainConfig.SideExplorerUrl, signedTx.Hash().String())433 return swapTx, nil434 } else {435 mainClientMutex.Lock()436 defer mainClientMutex.Unlock()437 data, err := abiEncodeFillSide2MainSwap(ethcom.HexToHash(swap.StartTxHash), ethcom.HexToAddress(swap.SourceChainErc20Addr), ethcom.HexToAddress(swap.TargetChainToAddr), amount, engine.mainSwapAgentABI)438 signedTx, err := buildSignedTransaction(engine.mainSwapAgent, engine.mainClient, data, engine.mainPrivateKey)439 if err != nil {440 return nil, err441 }442 block, err := engine.mainClient.BlockByNumber(context.Background(), nil)443 if err != nil {444 util.Logger.Debugf("Side, query block failed: %s", err.Error())445 return nil, err446 }447 swapTx := &model.SwapFillTx{448 Direction: SwapSide2Main,449 StartSwapTxHash: swap.StartTxHash,450 GasPrice: signedTx.GasPrice().String(),451 FillSwapTxHash: signedTx.Hash().String(),452 Status: model.FillTxCreated,453 TrackRetryHeight:block.Number().Int64(),454 }455 err = engine.insertSwapTxToDB(swapTx)456 if err != nil {457 return nil, err458 }459 err = engine.mainClient.SendTransaction(context.Background(), signedTx)460 if err != nil {461 util.Logger.Errorf("broadcast tx to Main error: %s", err.Error())462 return nil, err463 } else {464 util.Logger.Infof("Send transaction to Main, %s/%s", engine.config.ChainConfig.MainExplorerUrl, signedTx.Hash().String())465 }466 return swapTx, nil467 }468}469func (engine *SwapEngine) trackSwapTxDaemon() {470 go func() {471 for {472 time.Sleep(SleepTime * time.Second)473 swapTxs := make([]model.SwapFillTx, 0)474 engine.db.Where("status = ? and track_retry_counter >= ?", model.FillTxSent, engine.config.ChainConfig.MainMaxTrackRetry).475 Order("id asc").Limit(TrackSentTxBatchSize).Find(&swapTxs)476 if len(swapTxs) > 0 {477 util.Logger.Infof("%d fill tx are missing, mark these swaps as failed", len(swapTxs))478 }479 for _, swapTx := range swapTxs {480 chainName := "Main"481 maxRetry := engine.config.ChainConfig.MainMaxTrackRetry482 if swapTx.Direction == SwapMain2Side {483 chainName = "Side"484 maxRetry = engine.config.ChainConfig.SideMaxTrackRetry485 }486 util.Logger.Errorf("The fill tx is sent, however, after %d seconds its status is still uncertain. Mark tx as missing and mark swap as failed, chain %s, fill hash %s", SleepTime*maxRetry, chainName, swapTx.StartSwapTxHash)487 util.SendTelegramMessage(fmt.Sprintf("The fill tx is sent, however, after %d seconds its status is still uncertain. Mark tx as missing and mark swap as failed, chain %s, start hash %s", SleepTime*maxRetry, chainName, swapTx.StartSwapTxHash))488 writeDBErr := func() error {489 tx := engine.db.Begin()490 if err := tx.Error; err != nil {491 return err492 }493 tx.Model(model.SwapFillTx{}).Where("id = ?", swapTx.ID).Updates(494 map[string]interface{}{495 "status": model.FillTxMissing,496 "updated_at": time.Now().Unix(),497 })498 swap, err := engine.getSwapByStartTxHash(tx, swapTx.StartSwapTxHash)499 if err != nil {500 tx.Rollback()501 return err502 }503 swap.Status = SwapSendFailed504 swap.Log = fmt.Sprintf("track fill tx for more than %d times, the fill tx status is still uncertain", maxRetry)505 engine.updateSwap(tx, swap)506 return tx.Commit().Error507 }()508 if writeDBErr != nil {509 util.Logger.Errorf("write db error: %s", writeDBErr.Error())510 util.SendTelegramMessage(fmt.Sprintf("write db error: %s", writeDBErr.Error()))511 }512 }513 }514 }()515 go func() {516 for {517 time.Sleep(SleepTime * time.Second)518 mainSwapTxs := make([]model.SwapFillTx, 0)519 engine.db.Where("status = ? and direction = ? and track_retry_counter < ?", model.FillTxSent, SwapSide2Main, engine.config.ChainConfig.MainMaxTrackRetry).520 Order("id asc").Limit(TrackSentTxBatchSize).Find(&mainSwapTxs)521 sideSwapTxs := make([]model.SwapFillTx, 0)522 engine.db.Where("status = ? and direction = ? and track_retry_counter < ?", model.FillTxSent, SwapMain2Side, engine.config.ChainConfig.SideMaxTrackRetry).523 Order("id asc").Limit(TrackSentTxBatchSize).Find(&sideSwapTxs)524 swapTxs := append(mainSwapTxs, sideSwapTxs...)525 if len(swapTxs) > 0 {526 util.Logger.Debugf("Track %d non-finalized swap txs", len(swapTxs))527 }528 for _, swapTx := range swapTxs {529 gasPrice := big.NewInt(0)530 gasPrice.SetString(swapTx.GasPrice, 10)531 var client *ethclient.Client532 var chainName string533 var lostRangeNum int64534 var confirmNum int64535 if swapTx.Direction == SwapSide2Main {536 client = engine.mainClient537 chainName = "Main"538 lostRangeNum = engine.config.ChainConfig.MainLostRangeNum539 confirmNum = engine.config.ChainConfig.MainConfirmNum540 } else {541 client = engine.sideClient542 chainName = "Side"543 lostRangeNum = engine.config.ChainConfig.SideLostRangeNum544 confirmNum = engine.config.ChainConfig.SideConfirmNum545 }546 var txRecipient *types.Receipt547 txMissed := false548 var currentBlockHeight int64549 queryTxStatusErr := func() error {550 block, err := client.BlockByNumber(context.Background(), nil)551 if err != nil {552 util.Logger.Debugf("%s, query block failed: %s", chainName, err.Error())553 return err554 }555 currentBlockHeight = block.Number().Int64()556 txRecipient, err = client.TransactionReceipt(context.Background(), ethcom.HexToHash(swapTx.FillSwapTxHash))557 if err != nil {558 if strings.EqualFold(err.Error(), TransactionReceiptMissed) {559 swapFoundTxs := make([]model.SwapFillTx, 0)560 engine.db.Where("fill_swap_tx_hash = ?", swapTx.FillSwapTxHash).Find(&swapFoundTxs)561 if len(swapFoundTxs) == 0 {562 return fmt.Errorf("%s, swap_fill_txs data lost fill_swap_tx_hash: %s", chainName, swapTx.FillSwapTxHash)563 }564 if currentBlockHeight > (swapFoundTxs[0].TrackRetryHeight + lostRangeNum) {565 txMissed = true566 util.Logger.Debugf("%s, transaction missed, txHash: %s", chainName, swapTx.FillSwapTxHash)567 return nil568 } else {569 util.Logger.Debugf("%s, No transaction found, continue to wait", chainName)570 return err571 }572 } else {573 util.Logger.Debugf("%s, query tx failed: %s", chainName, err.Error())574 return err575 }576 }577 if currentBlockHeight < (txRecipient.BlockNumber.Int64() + confirmNum) {578 return fmt.Errorf("%s, swap tx is still not finalized", chainName)579 }580 return nil581 }()582 writeDBErr := func() error {583 tx := engine.db.Begin()584 if err := tx.Error; err != nil {585 return err586 }587 if queryTxStatusErr != nil {588 tx.Model(model.SwapFillTx{}).Where("id = ?", swapTx.ID).Updates(589 map[string]interface{}{590 "track_retry_counter": gorm.Expr("track_retry_counter + 1"),591 "updated_at": time.Now().Unix(),592 })593 } else {594 if txMissed {595 util.Logger.Infof(fmt.Sprintf("fill swap tx is missed, chain %s, fillTxHash: %s", chainName, swapTx.FillSwapTxHash))596 util.SendTelegramMessage(fmt.Sprintf("fill swap tx is missed, chain %s, fillTxHash: %s", chainName, swapTx.FillSwapTxHash))597 tx.Model(model.SwapFillTx{}).Where("id = ?", swapTx.ID).Updates(598 map[string]interface{}{599 "status": model.FillTxFailed,600 "height": currentBlockHeight,601 "updated_at": time.Now().Unix(),602 })603 swap, err := engine.getSwapByStartTxHash(tx, swapTx.StartSwapTxHash)604 if err != nil {605 tx.Rollback()606 return err607 }608 swap.Status = SwapSendFailed609 swap.Log = "Transaction lost"610 engine.updateSwap(tx, swap)611 } else {612 txFee := big.NewInt(1).Mul(gasPrice, big.NewInt(int64(txRecipient.GasUsed))).String()613 if txRecipient.Status == TxFailedStatus {614 util.Logger.Infof(fmt.Sprintf("fill swap tx is failed, chain %s, txHash: %s", chainName, txRecipient.TxHash.String()))615 util.SendTelegramMessage(fmt.Sprintf("fill swap tx is failed, chain %s, txHash: %s", chainName, txRecipient.TxHash.String()))616 tx.Model(model.SwapFillTx{}).Where("id = ?", swapTx.ID).Updates(617 map[string]interface{}{618 "status": model.FillTxFailed,619 "height": txRecipient.BlockNumber.Int64(),620 "consumed_fee_amount": txFee,621 "updated_at": time.Now().Unix(),622 })623 swap, err := engine.getSwapByStartTxHash(tx, swapTx.StartSwapTxHash)624 if err != nil {625 tx.Rollback()626 return err627 }628 swap.Status = SwapSendFailed629 swap.Log = "fill tx is failed"630 engine.updateSwap(tx, swap)631 } else {632 util.Logger.Infof(fmt.Sprintf("fill swap tx is success, chain %s, txHash: %s", chainName, txRecipient.TxHash.String()))633 tx.Model(model.SwapFillTx{}).Where("id = ?", swapTx.ID).Updates(634 map[string]interface{}{635 "status": model.FillTxSuccess,636 "height": txRecipient.BlockNumber.Int64(),637 "consumed_fee_amount": txFee,638 "updated_at": time.Now().Unix(),639 })640 swap, err := engine.getSwapByStartTxHash(tx, swapTx.StartSwapTxHash)641 if err != nil {642 tx.Rollback()643 return err644 }645 swap.Status = SwapSuccess646 engine.updateSwap(tx, swap)647 }648 }649 }650 return tx.Commit().Error651 }()652 if writeDBErr != nil {653 util.Logger.Errorf("update db failure: %s", writeDBErr.Error())654 util.SendTelegramMessage(fmt.Sprintf("Upgent alert: update db failure: %s", writeDBErr.Error()))655 }656 }657 }658 }()659}660func (engine *SwapEngine) getSwapByStartTxHash(tx *gorm.DB, txHash string) (*model.Swap, error) {661 swap := model.Swap{}662 err := tx.Where("start_tx_hash = ?", txHash).First(&swap).Error663 if err != nil {664 return nil, err665 }666 if !engine.verifySwap(&swap) {667 return nil, fmt.Errorf("hmac verification failure")668 }669 return &swap, nil670}671func (engine *SwapEngine) insertSwapTxToDB(data *model.SwapFillTx) error {672 tx := engine.db.Begin()673 if err := tx.Error; err != nil {674 return err675 }676 if err := tx.Create(data).Error; err != nil {677 tx.Rollback()678 return err679 }680 return tx.Commit().Error681}682func (engine *SwapEngine) AddSwapPairInstance(swapPair *model.SwapPair) error {683 lowBound := big.NewInt(0)684 _, ok := lowBound.SetString(swapPair.LowBound, 10)685 if !ok {686 return fmt.Errorf("invalid lowBound amount: %s", swapPair.LowBound)687 }688 upperBound := big.NewInt(0)689 _, ok = upperBound.SetString(swapPair.UpperBound, 10)690 if !ok {691 return fmt.Errorf("invalid upperBound amount: %s", swapPair.LowBound)692 }693 engine.mutex.Lock()694 defer engine.mutex.Unlock()695 engine.swapPairsFromERC20Addr[ethcom.HexToAddress(swapPair.MainChainErc20Addr)] = &SwapPairIns{696 Symbol: swapPair.Symbol,697 Name: swapPair.Name,698 Decimals: swapPair.Decimals,699 LowBound: lowBound,700 UpperBound: upperBound,701 MainChainErc20Addr: ethcom.HexToAddress(swapPair.MainChainErc20Addr),702 SideChainErc20Addr: ethcom.HexToAddress(swapPair.SideChainErc20Addr),703 }704 engine.main20ToSide20[ethcom.HexToAddress(swapPair.MainChainErc20Addr)] = ethcom.HexToAddress(swapPair.SideChainErc20Addr)705 engine.side20ToMain20[ethcom.HexToAddress(swapPair.SideChainErc20Addr)] = ethcom.HexToAddress(swapPair.MainChainErc20Addr)706 util.Logger.Infof("Create new swap pair, symbol %s, main chain address %s, side chain address %s", swapPair.Symbol, swapPair.MainChainErc20Addr,swapPair.SideChainErc20Addr)707 return nil708}709func (engine *SwapEngine) GetSwapPairInstance(erc20Addr ethcom.Address) (*SwapPairIns, error) {710 engine.mutex.RLock()711 defer engine.mutex.RUnlock()712 tokenInstance, ok := engine.swapPairsFromERC20Addr[erc20Addr]713 if !ok {714 return nil, fmt.Errorf("swap instance doesn't exist")715 }716 return tokenInstance, nil717}718func (engine *SwapEngine) UpdateSwapInstance(swapPair *model.SwapPair) {719 engine.mutex.Lock()720 defer engine.mutex.Unlock()721 sideTokenAddr := ethcom.HexToAddress(swapPair.SideChainErc20Addr)722 tokenInstance, ok := engine.swapPairsFromERC20Addr[sideTokenAddr]723 if !ok {724 return725 }726 if !swapPair.Available {727 delete(engine.swapPairsFromERC20Addr, sideTokenAddr)728 return729 }730 upperBound := big.NewInt(0)731 _, ok = upperBound.SetString(swapPair.UpperBound, 10)732 tokenInstance.UpperBound = upperBound...

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memory.go

Source:memory.go Github

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...26 }27 return ret28}29func isMemorySet(r *configs.Resources) bool {30 return r.MemoryReservation != 0 || r.Memory != 0 || r.MemorySwap != 031}32func setMemory(dirPath string, r *configs.Resources) error {33 if !isMemorySet(r) {34 return nil35 }36 swap, err := cgroups.ConvertMemorySwapToCgroupV2Value(r.MemorySwap, r.Memory)37 if err != nil {38 return err39 }40 swapStr := numToStr(swap)41 if swapStr == "" && swap == 0 && r.MemorySwap > 0 {42 // memory and memorySwap set to the same value -- disable swap43 swapStr = "0"44 }45 // never write empty string to `memory.swap.max`, it means set to 0.46 if swapStr != "" {47 if err := cgroups.WriteFile(dirPath, "memory.swap.max", swapStr); err != nil {48 return err49 }50 }51 if val := numToStr(r.Memory); val != "" {52 if err := cgroups.WriteFile(dirPath, "memory.max", val); err != nil {53 return err54 }55 }56 // cgroup.Resources.KernelMemory is ignored57 if val := numToStr(r.MemoryReservation); val != "" {58 if err := cgroups.WriteFile(dirPath, "memory.low", val); err != nil {59 return err60 }61 }62 return nil63}64func statMemory(dirPath string, stats *cgroups.Stats) error {65 const file = "memory.stat"66 statsFile, err := cgroups.OpenFile(dirPath, file, os.O_RDONLY)67 if err != nil {68 return err69 }70 defer statsFile.Close()71 sc := bufio.NewScanner(statsFile)72 for sc.Scan() {73 t, v, err := fscommon.ParseKeyValue(sc.Text())74 if err != nil {75 return &parseError{Path: dirPath, File: file, Err: err}76 }77 stats.MemoryStats.Stats[t] = v78 }79 if err := sc.Err(); err != nil {80 return &parseError{Path: dirPath, File: file, Err: err}81 }82 stats.MemoryStats.Cache = stats.MemoryStats.Stats["file"]83 // Unlike cgroup v1 which has memory.use_hierarchy binary knob,84 // cgroup v2 is always hierarchical.85 stats.MemoryStats.UseHierarchy = true86 memoryUsage, err := getMemoryDataV2(dirPath, "")87 if err != nil {88 if errors.Is(err, unix.ENOENT) && dirPath == UnifiedMountpoint {89 // The root cgroup does not have memory.{current,max}90 // so emulate those using data from /proc/meminfo.91 return statsFromMeminfo(stats)92 }93 return err94 }95 stats.MemoryStats.Usage = memoryUsage96 swapUsage, err := getMemoryDataV2(dirPath, "swap")97 if err != nil {98 return err99 }100 // As cgroup v1 reports SwapUsage values as mem+swap combined,101 // while in cgroup v2 swap values do not include memory,102 // report combined mem+swap for v1 compatibility.103 swapUsage.Usage += memoryUsage.Usage104 if swapUsage.Limit != math.MaxUint64 {105 swapUsage.Limit += memoryUsage.Limit106 }107 stats.MemoryStats.SwapUsage = swapUsage108 return nil109}110func getMemoryDataV2(path, name string) (cgroups.MemoryData, error) {111 memoryData := cgroups.MemoryData{}112 moduleName := "memory"113 if name != "" {114 moduleName = "memory." + name115 }116 usage := moduleName + ".current"117 limit := moduleName + ".max"118 value, err := fscommon.GetCgroupParamUint(path, usage)119 if err != nil {120 if name != "" && os.IsNotExist(err) {121 // Ignore EEXIST as there's no swap accounting122 // if kernel CONFIG_MEMCG_SWAP is not set or123 // swapaccount=0 kernel boot parameter is given.124 return cgroups.MemoryData{}, nil125 }126 return cgroups.MemoryData{}, err127 }128 memoryData.Usage = value129 value, err = fscommon.GetCgroupParamUint(path, limit)130 if err != nil {131 return cgroups.MemoryData{}, err132 }133 memoryData.Limit = value134 return memoryData, nil135}136func statsFromMeminfo(stats *cgroups.Stats) error {137 const file = "/proc/meminfo"138 f, err := os.Open(file)139 if err != nil {140 return err141 }142 defer f.Close()143 // Fields we are interested in.144 var (145 swap_free uint64146 swap_total uint64147 main_total uint64148 main_free uint64149 )150 mem := map[string]*uint64{151 "SwapFree": &swap_free,152 "SwapTotal": &swap_total,153 "MemTotal": &main_total,154 "MemFree": &main_free,155 }156 found := 0157 sc := bufio.NewScanner(f)158 for sc.Scan() {159 parts := strings.SplitN(sc.Text(), ":", 3)160 if len(parts) != 2 {161 // Should not happen.162 continue163 }164 k := parts[0]165 p, ok := mem[k]166 if !ok {167 // Unknown field -- not interested.168 continue169 }170 vStr := strings.TrimSpace(strings.TrimSuffix(parts[1], " kB"))171 *p, err = strconv.ParseUint(vStr, 10, 64)172 if err != nil {173 return &parseError{File: file, Err: errors.New("bad value for " + k)}174 }175 found++176 if found == len(mem) {177 // Got everything we need -- skip the rest.178 break179 }180 }181 if err := sc.Err(); err != nil {182 return &parseError{Path: "", File: file, Err: err}183 }184 stats.MemoryStats.SwapUsage.Usage = (swap_total - swap_free) * 1024185 stats.MemoryStats.SwapUsage.Limit = math.MaxUint64186 stats.MemoryStats.Usage.Usage = (main_total - main_free) * 1024187 stats.MemoryStats.Usage.Limit = math.MaxUint64188 return nil189}...

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free_test.go

Source:free_test.go Github

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...10MemFree: 721716 kB11MemAvailable: 2774100 kB12Buffers: 244880 kB13Cached: 3462124 kB14SwapTotal: 8265724 kB15SwapFree: 8264956 kB16SReclaimable: 179852 kB`)17 m, err := meminfoFromBytes(input)18 if err != nil {19 t.Fatal(err)20 }21 if m["MemFree"] != 721716 {22 t.Fatalf("MemFree: got %v, want 721716", m["MemFree"])23 }24 if m["MemAvailable"] != 2774100 {25 t.Fatalf("MemAvailable: got %v, want 2774100", m["MemAvailable"])26 }27 if m["Buffers"] != 244880 {28 t.Fatalf("Buffers: got %v, want 244880", m["Buffers"])29 }30 if m["Cached"] != 3462124 {31 t.Fatalf("Cached: got %v, want 3462124", m["Cached"])32 }33 if m["SwapTotal"] != 8265724 {34 t.Fatalf("SwapTotal: got %v, want 8265724", m["SwapTotal"])35 }36 if m["SwapFree"] != 8264956 {37 t.Fatalf("SwapFree: got %v, want 8264956", m["SwapFree"])38 }39 if m["SReclaimable"] != 179852 {40 t.Fatalf("SReclaimable: got %v, want 179852", m["SReclaimable"])41 }42}43func TestPrintSwap(t *testing.T) {44 input := []byte(`MemTotal: 8052976 kB45MemFree: 721716 kB46MemAvailable: 2774100 kB47Buffers: 244880 kB48Cached: 3462124 kB49SwapTotal: 8265724 kB50SwapFree: 8264956 kB51SReclaimable: 179852 kB`)52 m, err := meminfoFromBytes(input)53 if err != nil {54 t.Fatal(err)55 }56 si, err := getSwapInfo(m, &FreeConfig{Unit: KB})57 if err != nil {58 t.Fatal(err)59 }60 if si.Total != 8464101376 {61 t.Fatalf("Swap.Total: got %v, want 8464101376", si.Total)62 }63 if si.Used != 786432 {64 t.Fatalf("Swap.Used: got %v, want 786432", si.Used)65 }66 if si.Free != 8463314944 {67 t.Fatalf("Swap.Free: got %v, want 8463314944", si.Free)68 }69}70func TestPrintSwapMissingFields(t *testing.T) {71 input := []byte(`MemTotal: 8052976 kB72MemFree: 721716 kB73MemAvailable: 2774100 kB74Buffers: 244880 kB75Cached: 3462124 kB76SwapTotal: 8265724 kB77SReclaimable: 179852 kB`)78 m, err := meminfoFromBytes(input)79 if err != nil {80 t.Fatal(err)81 }82 _, err = getSwapInfo(m, &FreeConfig{Unit: KB})83 // should error out for the missing field84 if err == nil {85 t.Fatal("printSwap: got no error when expecting one")86 }87}88func TestPrintMem(t *testing.T) {89 input := []byte(`MemTotal: 8052976 kB90MemFree: 721716 kB91MemAvailable: 2774100 kB92Buffers: 244880 kB93Cached: 3462124 kB94Shmem: 1617788 kB95SwapTotal: 8265724 kB96SwapFree: 8264956 kB97SReclaimable: 179852 kB`)98 m, err := meminfoFromBytes(input)99 if err != nil {100 t.Fatal(err)101 }102 mmi, err := getMainMemInfo(m, &FreeConfig{Unit: KB})103 if err != nil {104 t.Fatal(err)105 }106 if mmi.Total != 8246247424 {107 t.Fatalf("MainMem.Total: got %v, want 8246247424", mmi.Total)108 }109 if mmi.Free != 739037184 {110 t.Fatalf("MainMem.Free: got %v, want 739037184", mmi.Free)111 }112 if mmi.Used != 3527069696 {113 t.Fatalf("MainMem.Used: got %v, want 3527069696", mmi.Used)114 }115 if mmi.Shared != 1656614912 {116 t.Fatalf("MainMem.Shared: got %v, want 1656614912", mmi.Shared)117 }118 if mmi.Cached != 3729383424 {119 t.Fatalf("MainMem.Cached: got %v, want 3729383424", mmi.Cached)120 }121 if mmi.Buffers != 250757120 {122 t.Fatalf("MainMem.Buffers: got %v, want 250757120", mmi.Buffers)123 }124 if mmi.Available != 2840678400 {125 t.Fatalf("MainMem.Available: got %v, want 2840678400", mmi.Available)126 }127}128func TestPrintMemMissingFields(t *testing.T) {129 input := []byte(`MemTotal: 8052976 kB130MemFree: 721716 kB131MemAvailable: 2774100 kB132Buffers: 244880 kB133SwapTotal: 8265724 kB134SwapFree: 8264956 kB135SReclaimable: 179852 kB`)136 m, err := meminfoFromBytes(input)137 if err != nil {138 t.Fatal(err)139 }140 _, err = getMainMemInfo(m, &FreeConfig{Unit: KB})141 // should error out for the missing field142 if err == nil {143 t.Fatal("printMem: got no error when expecting one")144 }145}...

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mem.go

Source:mem.go Github

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...17 }18 self.Label = "Memory Usage"19 self.Zoom = zoom20 self.Data["Main"] = []float64{0}21 self.Data["Swap"] = []float64{0}22 self.update()23 ticker := time.NewTicker(self.interval)24 go func() {25 for range ticker.C {26 self.update()27 }28 }()29 return self30}31func (self *Mem) update() {32 main, err := psMem.VirtualMemory()33 if err != nil {34 log.Println(err)35 return36 }37 swap, err := psMem.SwapMemory()38 if err != nil {39 log.Println(err)40 return41 }42 self.Data["Main"] = append(self.Data["Main"], main.UsedPercent)43 if len(self.Data["Main"]) > MEMHISTMAX {44 self.Data["Main"] = self.Data["Main"][len(self.Data["Main"])-MEMHISTMAX+60:]45 }46 self.Data["Swap"] = append(self.Data["Swap"], swap.UsedPercent)47 if len(self.Data["Swap"]) > MEMHISTMAX {48 self.Data["Swap"] = self.Data["Swap"][len(self.Data["Swap"])-MEMHISTMAX+60:]49 }50}...

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Swap

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1import "fmt"2func main() {3 fmt.Println(x, y)4 fmt.Println(x, y)5}6import "fmt"7func main() {8 fmt.Println(x, y)9 fmt.Println(x, y)10}11import "fmt"12func main() {13 fmt.Println(x, y)14 fmt.Println(x, y)15}16import "fmt"17func main() {18 fmt.Println(x, y)19 fmt.Println(x, y)20}21import "fmt"22func main() {23 fmt.Println(x, y)24 fmt.Println(x, y)25}

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1import "fmt"2func main() {3 fmt.Print("Enter value of a: ")4 fmt.Scan(&a)5 fmt.Print("Enter value of b: ")6 fmt.Scan(&b)7 fmt.Println("Before swap a: ", a, " b: ", b)8 swap(&a, &b)9 fmt.Println("After swap a: ", a, " b: ", b)10}11func swap(x *int, y *int) {12}

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Swap

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1import "fmt"2func main() {3 fmt.Printf("Before swapping, a = %d and b = %d4 fmt.Printf("After swapping, a = %d and b = %d5}6func Swap(x, y int) int {7}

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Swap

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1import "fmt"2func main() {3 fmt.Println("Before swap a = ", a, "b = ", b)4 a, b = swap(a, b)5 fmt.Println("After swap a = ", a, "b = ", b)6}7func swap(a, b int) (int, int) {8}9import "fmt"10func main() {11 fmt.Println("Before swap a = ", a, "b = ", b)12 swap(&a, &b)13 fmt.Println("After swap a = ", a, "b = ", b)14}15func swap(a, b *int) {16}17import "fmt"18func main() {19 fmt.Println("Before swap a = ", a, "b = ", b)20 swap(&a, &b)21 fmt.Println("After swap a = ", a, "b = ", b)22}23func swap(a, b *int) {24}25import "fmt"26func main() {27 fmt.Println("Before swap a = ", a, "b = ", b)28 swap(&a, &b)29 fmt.Println("After swap a = ", a, "b = ", b)30}31func swap(a, b *int) {32}

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Swap

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1import (2func main() {3 fmt.Println("Before swapping")4 fmt.Println("a=", a)5 fmt.Println("b=", b)6 swap(a, b)7}8func swap(a, b int) {9 fmt.Println("After swapping")10 fmt.Println("a=", a)11 fmt.Println("b=", b)12}13import (14func main() {15 fmt.Println("Before swapping")16 fmt.Println("a=", a)17 fmt.Println("b=", b)18 swap(&a, &b)19}20func swap(a, b *int) {21 fmt.Println("After swapping")22 fmt.Println("a=", *a)23 fmt.Println("b=", *b)24}

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Swap

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1import (2func main() {3 fmt.Println("Enter two numbers")4 fmt.Scan(&a, &b)5 fmt.Println("Before swap")6 fmt.Println("a = ", a, "b = ", b)7 a, b = Swap(a, b)8 fmt.Println("After swap")9 fmt.Println("a = ", a, "b = ", b)10}11func Swap(a int, b int) (int, int) {12}13import (14func main() {15 fmt.Println("Enter two numbers")16 fmt.Scan(&a, &b)17 fmt.Println("Before swap")18 fmt.Println("a = ", a, "b = ", b)19 a, b = Swap(a, b)20 fmt.Println("After swap")21 fmt.Println("a = ", a, "b = ", b)22}23func Swap(a int, b int) (int, int) {24}25import (26func main() {27 fmt.Println("Enter two numbers")28 fmt.Scan(&a

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Swap

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1import (2func main() {3 fmt.Println("Before Swap")4 fmt.Println("a=", a)5 fmt.Println("b=", b)6 fmt.Println("After Swap")7 fmt.Println("a=", a)8 fmt.Println("b=", b)9}10import (11func main() {12 fmt.Println("Before Swap")13 fmt.Println("a=", a)14 fmt.Println("b=", b)15 a, b = swap(a, b)16 fmt.Println("After Swap")17 fmt.Println("a=", a)18 fmt.Println("b=", b)19}20func swap(x, y int) (int, int) {21}

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Swap

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1import "fmt"2func main() {3 fmt.Print("Enter two numbers: ")4 fmt.Scan(&a, &b)5 fmt.Println("Before Swap: a = ", a, "b = ", b)6 fmt.Println("After Swap: a = ", a, "b = ", b)7}8import "fmt"9func main() {10 fmt.Print("Enter two numbers: ")11 fmt.Scan(&a, &b)12 fmt.Println("Before Swap: a = ", a, "b = ", b)13 fmt.Println("After Swap: a = ", a, "b = ", b)14}15In this program, we have declared two variables a and b of type int . We have used fmt.Scan() to take two inputs from the user

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1import "fmt"2func main() {3 fmt.Println("a = ", a, " b = ", b)4 mainClass.swap(&a, &b)5 fmt.Println("a = ", a, " b = ", b)6}7func swap(a *int, b *int) {8}9import "fmt"10func main() {11 fmt.Println("a = ", a, " b = ", b)12 mainClass.swap(a, b)13 fmt.Println("a = ", a, " b = ", b)14}15func swap(a int, b int) {16}17import "fmt"18func main() {19 defer fmt.Println("World")20 fmt.Println("Hello")21}22The above code will print “World” before “Hello” because the defer statement defers the execution of the fmt.Println(“World”) function until the surrounding

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You could also refer to video tutorials over LambdaTest YouTube channel to get step by step demonstration from industry experts.

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